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Name: ___________________________________________ Date: ________________ Hr: __ 4th Quarter 7th Grade Science-Study Guide “I Can” statement Student Responses E.ES.07.11 AND E.ES.07.81 1. Describe the cause and effects of air pollution. CAUSE: AUTOMOBILES, FUEL CONSUMPTION IN INDUSTRY AND BUILDINGS, COAL-BURNING POWER PLANTS, BURNING FOSSIL FUELS (ANYTHING THAT RUNS ON GAS, OIL OR COAL), AEROSOL PRODUCTS. EFFECTS: DAMAGES PLANTS AND CAUSES HEALTH PROBLEMS IN ANIMALS. LOSS OF HABITAT WHEN PLANTS ARE DESTROYED CAUSES SOME SPECIES TO BECOME ENDANGERED. AIR POLLUTION CAN ALSO INFLUENCE CLIMATE CHANGES. E.FE.07.11 2. Describe the atmosphere as a mixture of gases. Draw and label a pie chart. (Page 4 in book Weather & Climate) E.FE.07.12 3. Describe how the temperature, density and air pressure changes with elevation. TEMPERATURE: AT HIGHER ELEVATIONS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR IS GENERALLY COLDER. DENSITY: AS ALTITUDE INCREASES, THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN REMAINS THE BUT THE NUMBER OF OXYGEN MOLECULES PER BREATH IS REDUCED. AIR PRESSURE: AS ALTITUDE INCREASES AIR PRESSURE DECREASES SINCE THE AIR GETS THINNER AS ELEVATION INCREASE. 1 4. List and describe features of the atmosphere as you move away from the earth’s surface. TROPOSPHERE-THE LOWEST LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE. IT CONTAINS ALMOST 90% OF THE ATMOSPHERE’S TOTAL MASS! ALMOST ALL OF THE EARTH’S CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR, CLOUDS, AIR POLLUTION, WEATHER, AND LIFE-FORMS ARE IN THE TROPOSPHERE. STRATOSOPHERE-THE ATMOSPHERIC LAYER ABOVE THE TROPOSPHERE. ALMOST ALL OF THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE IS CONTAINED IN THE OZONE LAYER. MESOSPHERE-ABOVE THE STRATOSPHERE IS THE MESOSPHERE. THE MIDDLE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE. IT IS ALSO THE COLDEST LAYER. THERMOSPHERE-THE UPPERMOST ATMOSPHERIC LAYER. IN THE THERMOSPHERE, TEMPERATURE AGAIN INCREASES WITH ALTITUDE. IONOPHERE-IN THE UPPER MESOSPHERE AND THE LOWER THERMOSPHERE. NITROGEN AND OXYGEN ATOMS ABSORB HARMFUL SOLAR ENERGY. THESE IONS RADIATE ENERGY AS SHIMMERING LIGHTS CALLED AURORAS. EXOSPERE: WHERE ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE BLEND. E.ES.07.12 5. Describe what convection is. THE TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY THROUGH LIQUIDS AND GASES BY MOVING PARTICLES. CONVECTION CURRENTS MOVE WARMER AIR THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE AND WARMER WATER THROUGH THE OCEANS. THIS MOVEMENT RESULTS FROM AIR (OR WATER) WARMING AS IT TOUCHES THE WARM SURFACE OF THE EARTH (FROM THE SUN), THE WARM AIR BECOMES LESS DENSE AND RISES, COOLS AS IT MOVES AWAY FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE AND SINKS BACK DOWN. 6. Draw and label a convection current. 7. Describe what an atmosphere is. AN ENVELOPE OF GASSES THAT SURROUNDS THE EARTH. 8. Describe how much air temperature affects how much water vapor it can hold. COOL AIR HOLDS LESS WATER VAPOR THAN WARM AIR. WATER MOLECULES ARE CLOSER TOGETHER AND THERE IS LESS ROOM. A COOL AIR MASS WILL FILL UP QUICKLY WITH PRECIPITATION AND WILL EMPTY OUT (IN THE FORM OF RAIN OR SNOW). WARM AIR MASSES HAVE PARTICLES THAT ARE FARTHER APART. THERE IS MORE ROOM IN A WARM AIR MASS AND WILL TAKE MORE WATER VAPOR TO FILL IT UP. THE AIR MIGHT FEEL HUMID BECAUSE THERE IS MORE WATER IN THE AIR. 2 9. Describe how clouds are formed. DUST PARTICLES ARE PRESENT IN THE AIR. WATER CHANGES STATE (GAS TO A LIQUID) BY CONDENSING ON THE DUST PARTICLES. WATER VAPOR (GAS) COOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND RETURNS TO A LIQUID STATE. E.ES.07.13 10. Describe what wind is and how it moves WIND IS THE MOVEMENT OF AIR FROM AREAS OF HIGH PRESSURE TO AREAS OF LOW PRESSURE. 11. Describe how the sun causes winds THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCES ARE CAUSED BY THE SUN’S UNEVEN HEATING OF THE EARTHS SURFACE. 12. Explain the corolis effect and how it influences winds. THE COROLIS EFFECT OCCURS BECAUSE OF THE EARTHS ROTATION. IT CAUSES THE WIND TO CURVE TO THE RIGHT IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 13. Describe what an ocean current is. OCEAN CURRENTS ARE CAUSED BY THE MOVEMENT OF OCEAN WATER DUE TO THE UNEVEN HEATING OF THE WATER AND THE DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF THE OCEAN WATERS. 14. Explain the different types of currents. THERE ARE COLD AND WARM CURRENTS THAT ARE CAUSED BY UNEVEN HEATING AND DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF OCEAN WATERS. 15. Explain how ocean and air currents are similar THEY BOTH MOVE THROUGH CONVECTION CURRENTS. WARM AIR (WATER) RISES AND COLD AIR (WATER) SINKS E.ES.07.71 16. Compare and Contrast weather and climate. WEATHER: IS THE MIX OF EVENTS THAT HAPPEN EACH DAY IN THE ATMOSPHERE INCLUDING TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY. CLIMATE: IS THE AVERAGE WEATHER PATTERN IN A PLACE OVER MANY YEARS. IT’S USEFUL FOR WEATHER FORECASTING. 3 17. Describe what cause weather. WEATHER IS DUE TO THE MOTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE FROM THE SUNS UNEVEN HEATING OF THE EARTH. E.ST.07.72 18. Explain where most of the weather occurs in the atmosphere. MOST OF THE WEATHER OCCURS IN THE TROPOSPHERE( LOWER PORTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE) 19. Describe what an air mass is and what causes it to move. A HUGE BODY OF AIR THAT HAS SIMILAR TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND AIR PRESSURE AT ANY GIVEN HEIGHT IN THE ATMOSPHERE. THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN THE AIR MASSES CAUSE THEM TO MOVE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 20. State what is the major cause of heating and cooling of our atmosphere. THE SUN IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF THE HEATING AND COOLING OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 21. Describe how the Earth’s tilted axis influences our climate. THE EARTH GETS THE SAME AMOUNT OF LIGHT EACH DAY, BUT SINCE THE EARTH IS TILTED ON ITS AXIS THE LIGHT IS UNEVENLY DIVIDED INTO TWO HEMISPHERES. THE HEMISPHERE THAT IS TILTED TOWARD THE SUN AND IS RECEIVING MORE OF THE DIRECT LIGHT IS EXPERIENCING SUMMER. THE HEMISPHERE THAT IS TILTED AWAY FROM THE SUN IS RECEIVING LESS DIRECT LIGHT IS EXPERIENCING WINTER. E.ES.07.73 22. Describe how living OCEANS ABSORB A LOT OF HEAT ENERGY WHICH KEEPS THE CLIMATE MORE CONSTANT LIVING BY THE WATER. WHEREAS INLAND, LAND next to an ocean HEATS UP AND COOLS DOWN MORE QUICKLY MAKING THE CLIMATE influence the climate. FLUCTUATE MORE. 23. State how much of the Earth’s surface is ocean. 70% OF THE EARTHS SURFACE IS OCEAN 4 24. Draw and Describe land and sea breezes. E.ES.07.74 25. Explain what a front is. A FRONT REFERS TO THE BOUNDARY THAT FORMS BETWEEN WARM AND COLD AIR MASSES. 26. Describe why warm DUE TO DIFFERENT DENSITIES OF WARM AND COLD AIR, THEY DO air masses and cold air NOT READILY MIX. masses don’t mix. 27. Draw and Describe what happens when a warm front moves in. 28. Draw and Describe what happens when a cold front moves in. 5 29. Draw and Describe what happens at stationary front. 30. Draw and Describe what happens at an occluded front. 31. Explain what a jet stream is and how it influences weather 32. Describe the weather associated with each front. THE CONCENTRATED HIGH ALTITUDE STREAMS OF FAST MOVING WIND THAT BLOWS FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERES. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF MAJOR WEATHER FEATURES FROM WEST TO EAST ACROSS NORTH AMERICA AND THE EARTH AS A WHOLE. WARM STEADY LONG LASTING DRIZZLING RAIN IN THE SUMMER AND SNOW FLURRIES IN THE WINTER (THIS HAPPENS AHEAD OF THE FRONT.) WARMER WEATHER COLD BIG THUNDER STORMS IN THE SUMMER AND SNOW FALLS IN THE WINTER (HAPPENS ALONG AND SLIGHTLY BEHIND THE FRONT). COOLER WEATHER FOLLOWS STATIONARY CLOUDS AND RAIN CAN LAST FOR DAYS. TEMPS ARE UNCHANGING FOR MANY DAYS OCCLUDED COOLER TEMPS AND LARGE AMOUNTS OF RAIN OR SNOW. FOLLOWS. 6 7