Transfer of organic Br and Cl from the Biosphere to the Atmosphere
... heterogeneous chemistry. After the removal of radiationblocking dust, smoke, and NO2 from the atmosphere, significantly increased doses of UV-B radiation could reach the ground for periods up to several years as a result of ozone depletion. However, if a shielding layer of stratospheric sulphate par ...
... heterogeneous chemistry. After the removal of radiationblocking dust, smoke, and NO2 from the atmosphere, significantly increased doses of UV-B radiation could reach the ground for periods up to several years as a result of ozone depletion. However, if a shielding layer of stratospheric sulphate par ...
ATSC 2000 - Atmospheric Science
... observations are typically taken at airports, in support of aviation operations. Appendix A-2 of your textbook describes the weather elements that are observed and descriptions of the instruments used to make the measurements are found throughout the text. Typically, surface observations include mea ...
... observations are typically taken at airports, in support of aviation operations. Appendix A-2 of your textbook describes the weather elements that are observed and descriptions of the instruments used to make the measurements are found throughout the text. Typically, surface observations include mea ...
Energetic Particle Influence on the Earth`s Atmosphere
... space (Grieder 2001; Vainio et al. 2009), collectively known as energetic precipitating particles (EPPs) which penetrate into the Earth’s atmosphere and can influence a variety of atmospheric processes (Bazilevskaya et al. 2008). The majority of energetic particles (EPs) originate from outer space a ...
... space (Grieder 2001; Vainio et al. 2009), collectively known as energetic precipitating particles (EPPs) which penetrate into the Earth’s atmosphere and can influence a variety of atmospheric processes (Bazilevskaya et al. 2008). The majority of energetic particles (EPs) originate from outer space a ...
Long-term monitoring of stratospheric composition by UV
... Avoid long-term drifts due to instrumental aging Determine how well the measurements represent geophysical signals (meridional, zonal, and vertical structures, temporal cycles, special events) Validation is most of the time not straightforward due to: Difference in sampling of the atmosphere ( ...
... Avoid long-term drifts due to instrumental aging Determine how well the measurements represent geophysical signals (meridional, zonal, and vertical structures, temporal cycles, special events) Validation is most of the time not straightforward due to: Difference in sampling of the atmosphere ( ...
INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY:
... Photolysis of water vapor releases oxygen atoms that eventually form O2, providing a source of O2 to the atmosphere. Presently this source is negligibly small. It could have been much more important in the Archean (2.5-4 billion years ago), resulting in significant levels of O2 prior to the onset of ...
... Photolysis of water vapor releases oxygen atoms that eventually form O2, providing a source of O2 to the atmosphere. Presently this source is negligibly small. It could have been much more important in the Archean (2.5-4 billion years ago), resulting in significant levels of O2 prior to the onset of ...
the middle atmosphere and its sensitivity to climate
... by up to 2–3 degrees per decade over the past few decades. This is partly due to CO2 increases and partly due to ozone depletion. Predicting the future development of the middle atmosphere is problematic because of strong feedbacks between temperature and ozone. Ozone absorbs solar ultraviolet radia ...
... by up to 2–3 degrees per decade over the past few decades. This is partly due to CO2 increases and partly due to ozone depletion. Predicting the future development of the middle atmosphere is problematic because of strong feedbacks between temperature and ozone. Ozone absorbs solar ultraviolet radia ...
Clouds and Patterns of the Weather
... source for all forms of precipitation, and that they affect the amount of energy in the Earth system by absorbing and reflecting solar radiation. Although today’s meteorologists use technology to measure atmospheric conditions, weather predictions are still based heavily on interpreting the images o ...
... source for all forms of precipitation, and that they affect the amount of energy in the Earth system by absorbing and reflecting solar radiation. Although today’s meteorologists use technology to measure atmospheric conditions, weather predictions are still based heavily on interpreting the images o ...
The Antarctic Ozone Hole
... to be present and the air needs to have been moved upwards. Polar stratospheric clouds are often found near mountain ranges. There are two types of polar stratospheric cloud. The first type forms when nitric acid and water vapour condense onto a pre-existing sulphur particle, at temperatures below - ...
... to be present and the air needs to have been moved upwards. Polar stratospheric clouds are often found near mountain ranges. There are two types of polar stratospheric cloud. The first type forms when nitric acid and water vapour condense onto a pre-existing sulphur particle, at temperatures below - ...
L’atmosfera terrestre - 1
... The temperature profile in the troposphere is actually more complicated than shown in the Figure. The height of the tropopause (a layer of almost constant temperature) from the ground ranges from 8 km at high latitudes to 18 km above the equator; it is also highest in summer and lowest in winter. Th ...
... The temperature profile in the troposphere is actually more complicated than shown in the Figure. The height of the tropopause (a layer of almost constant temperature) from the ground ranges from 8 km at high latitudes to 18 km above the equator; it is also highest in summer and lowest in winter. Th ...
The impact of methane thermodynamics on seasonal convection
... southern summer solstice (SSS), we now provide more details of our simulations during this season. Fig. 2 shows the mass streamfunctions, or Hadley circulations (left column), and zonal winds (right column) at SSS for our three simulations; the units of the former are petagrams/s and the latter are ...
... southern summer solstice (SSS), we now provide more details of our simulations during this season. Fig. 2 shows the mass streamfunctions, or Hadley circulations (left column), and zonal winds (right column) at SSS for our three simulations; the units of the former are petagrams/s and the latter are ...
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC XENON
... Xe & 136Xe excesses after correction for the massdependent fractionation described above. U-Xe, a theoretical component has thus been defined as the starting isotopic composition of the Earth's atmosphere [2,3]. Recent studies demonstrated that Archean atmospheric Xe had an isotopic composition inte ...
... Xe & 136Xe excesses after correction for the massdependent fractionation described above. U-Xe, a theoretical component has thus been defined as the starting isotopic composition of the Earth's atmosphere [2,3]. Recent studies demonstrated that Archean atmospheric Xe had an isotopic composition inte ...
General Structure of the Atmosphere, and Atmospheric Temperature
... The average height of the troposphere over the United States is 36,000 feet mean sea level (MSL), but pressure systems and seasonal differences cause a variance in the height. Due to heating, the troposphere extends to a greater height in summer than in winter. The atmosphere becomes less dense with ...
... The average height of the troposphere over the United States is 36,000 feet mean sea level (MSL), but pressure systems and seasonal differences cause a variance in the height. Due to heating, the troposphere extends to a greater height in summer than in winter. The atmosphere becomes less dense with ...
Environmental Chemistry
... • This is because the relatively few gas molecules in this region have extremely high kinetic energies. • At an altitude of about 200 km, temperatures can reach 1000°C. ...
... • This is because the relatively few gas molecules in this region have extremely high kinetic energies. • At an altitude of about 200 km, temperatures can reach 1000°C. ...
Observing the Vertical Branch of the Mesospheric
... autumn and the winter scenery, which is characterized with a high variability due to wave driven horizontal movement. In this study we focus on the upwelling branch between days 100 and 130 and the downwelling branch between days 210 and 300. [11] From day to day with measurements we monitor the mov ...
... autumn and the winter scenery, which is characterized with a high variability due to wave driven horizontal movement. In this study we focus on the upwelling branch between days 100 and 130 and the downwelling branch between days 210 and 300. [11] From day to day with measurements we monitor the mov ...
DOC - Lunar and Planetary Institute
... term consequences of the presence of oxygen-bearing species on the atmospheric chemistry are yet to be investigated. In addition to bulk composition, the relation between radiative climate influences, photochemistry and the spatial and temporal distribution of Saturn’s rich collection of hydrocarbon ...
... term consequences of the presence of oxygen-bearing species on the atmospheric chemistry are yet to be investigated. In addition to bulk composition, the relation between radiative climate influences, photochemistry and the spatial and temporal distribution of Saturn’s rich collection of hydrocarbon ...
Lecture 2: Global Energy Cycle
... Greenhouse Effect and Diurnal Cycle The very strong downward emission of terrestrial radiation from the atmosphere is crucial to maintain the relatively small diurnal variation of surface temperature. If this large downward radiation is not larger than solar heating of the surface, the surface ...
... Greenhouse Effect and Diurnal Cycle The very strong downward emission of terrestrial radiation from the atmosphere is crucial to maintain the relatively small diurnal variation of surface temperature. If this large downward radiation is not larger than solar heating of the surface, the surface ...
Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere
... predictions are still highly uncertain because some key processes important for the destruction of ozone are not yet fully understood, in particular for the Arctic region. The extent of ozone loss in the Arctic winter polar stratosphere depends, among other factors, on the degree of denitrification ...
... predictions are still highly uncertain because some key processes important for the destruction of ozone are not yet fully understood, in particular for the Arctic region. The extent of ozone loss in the Arctic winter polar stratosphere depends, among other factors, on the degree of denitrification ...
Chapter 4. Atmospheric Temperature and Stability
... a kettle heated from below. Most of the weather of the planet is confined to the troposphere. The upper boundary of the troposphere, the altitude corresponding to the temperature minimum, is known as the tropopause. Temperature increases with altitude in the stratosphere (tropopause to 45 km), from ...
... a kettle heated from below. Most of the weather of the planet is confined to the troposphere. The upper boundary of the troposphere, the altitude corresponding to the temperature minimum, is known as the tropopause. Temperature increases with altitude in the stratosphere (tropopause to 45 km), from ...
The Earth Atmosphere and Space
... The average structure of the atmosphere is described as a function of altitude z by temperature and density distributions, T .z/ and .z/, respectively (Fig. 2.1). Note the troposphere (@T =@z < 0, in general), which is separated from the stratosphere (@T =@z > 0, in general) by the tropopause. The ...
... The average structure of the atmosphere is described as a function of altitude z by temperature and density distributions, T .z/ and .z/, respectively (Fig. 2.1). Note the troposphere (@T =@z < 0, in general), which is separated from the stratosphere (@T =@z > 0, in general) by the tropopause. The ...
The Atmosphere
... minimum of -90oC at the mesopause, the boundary with the overlying thermosphere (Fig. 3). The upper mesosphere is the second temperature minima in the atmosphere. The outermost layer of the atmosphere, the thermosphere (Fig. 3), blocks a variety of harmful cosmic radiation including X rays, gamma ra ...
... minimum of -90oC at the mesopause, the boundary with the overlying thermosphere (Fig. 3). The upper mesosphere is the second temperature minima in the atmosphere. The outermost layer of the atmosphere, the thermosphere (Fig. 3), blocks a variety of harmful cosmic radiation including X rays, gamma ra ...
Periodic modulation of gas giant magnetospheres by the neutral
... Furthermore, any asymmetry in the meridional or zonal winds will obviously manifest itself as an asymmetry in the currents flowing between the atmosphere and magnetosphere. This implies an axially asymmetric perturbation of the magnetosphere (Fig. 1). The details of this perturbation will depend on ...
... Furthermore, any asymmetry in the meridional or zonal winds will obviously manifest itself as an asymmetry in the currents flowing between the atmosphere and magnetosphere. This implies an axially asymmetric perturbation of the magnetosphere (Fig. 1). The details of this perturbation will depend on ...
Objective
... orbits to be affected by the Earth’s atmosphere. This laboratory was originally developed by a team of US Air Force Academy physicists using satellite drag to teach the concepts of energy conservation and momentum and the impacts of space weather on the upper atmosphere. It replicates many elements ...
... orbits to be affected by the Earth’s atmosphere. This laboratory was originally developed by a team of US Air Force Academy physicists using satellite drag to teach the concepts of energy conservation and momentum and the impacts of space weather on the upper atmosphere. It replicates many elements ...
About earth`s atmosphere - Greater Wellington Regional Council
... Alps. As it rises it becomes cooler. Cold air holds less water vapour than warm air, so it condenses and loses most of its moisture as rain. This is why the West Coast has rainforest. As the air races down the eastern side it is warmed by the land, creating a dry north westerly wind. This is known a ...
... Alps. As it rises it becomes cooler. Cold air holds less water vapour than warm air, so it condenses and loses most of its moisture as rain. This is why the West Coast has rainforest. As the air races down the eastern side it is warmed by the land, creating a dry north westerly wind. This is known a ...
Properties of the Atmosphere
... (6–7 miles), temperatures are typically between –40°C (–40°F) and –50°C (–58°F). Figure 1.2 shows an average vertical profile of temperature from the earth’s surface to space. Temperature decreases with height from the surface to an altitude of about 12 km (7 miles). Then something remarkable happen ...
... (6–7 miles), temperatures are typically between –40°C (–40°F) and –50°C (–58°F). Figure 1.2 shows an average vertical profile of temperature from the earth’s surface to space. Temperature decreases with height from the surface to an altitude of about 12 km (7 miles). Then something remarkable happen ...
Atmosphere of Venus
The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K (467 °C, 872 °F), whereas the pressure is 93 bar. The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging. Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Saint Petersburg.The atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation and super-rotation. The whole atmosphere circles the planet in just four Earth days, much faster than the planet's sidereal day of 243 days. The winds supporting super-rotation blow as fast as 100 m/s (~360 km/h or 220 mph). Winds move at up to 60 times the speed of the planet's rotation, while Earth's fastest winds are only 10% to 20% rotation speed. On the other hand, the wind speed becomes increasingly slower as the elevation from the surface decreases, with the breeze barely reaching the speed of 10 km/h on the surface. Near the poles are anticyclonic structures called polar vortices. Each vortex is double-eyed and shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds.Unlike Earth, Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind. This ionised layer excludes the solar magnetic field, giving Venus a distinct magnetic environment. This is considered Venus's induced magnetosphere. Lighter gases, including water vapour, are continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail. It is speculated that the atmosphere of Venus up to around 4 billion years ago was more like that of the Earth with liquid water on the surface. A runaway greenhouse effect may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases.Despite the harsh conditions on the surface, the atmospheric pressure and temperature at about 50 km to 65 km above the surface of the planet is nearly the same as that of the Earth, making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System, even more so than the surface of Mars. Due to the similarity in pressure and temperature and the fact that breathable air (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way that helium is a lifting gas on Earth, the upper atmosphere has been proposed as a location for both exploration and colonization.On January 29, 2013, ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to ""the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions.""