7 Science Learner`s Material Unit 4 – Earth and Space Module 2
... To further understand the effect of greenhouse gases look at Figure 4. It contains some data about Venus and Earth, planets that are almost of the same size and if you remember from elementary school science, are near each other, so they are called twin planets. The composition of atmosphere and the ...
... To further understand the effect of greenhouse gases look at Figure 4. It contains some data about Venus and Earth, planets that are almost of the same size and if you remember from elementary school science, are near each other, so they are called twin planets. The composition of atmosphere and the ...
STATION MODEL The "station" what ? Since we started offering you
... We have already described what an adiabatic process is, and the explanations above assumed a DRY atmosphere. A wet adiabatic process is a pseudo-adiabatic process in reality, since there is a slight heat transfer, but we will explain this now. What if a parcel of air that rises and cools at 10°C per ...
... We have already described what an adiabatic process is, and the explanations above assumed a DRY atmosphere. A wet adiabatic process is a pseudo-adiabatic process in reality, since there is a slight heat transfer, but we will explain this now. What if a parcel of air that rises and cools at 10°C per ...
Wind in the Atmosphere
... • During the day, the sun warms the air on mountain slopes faster than it warms the air in a valley. This results in areas of lower pressure near the mountain tops. • The pressure difference causes a valley breeze, which flows from the valley up the slopes of mountains during the day. • At night, as ...
... • During the day, the sun warms the air on mountain slopes faster than it warms the air in a valley. This results in areas of lower pressure near the mountain tops. • The pressure difference causes a valley breeze, which flows from the valley up the slopes of mountains during the day. • At night, as ...
Wind in the Atmosphere
... • During the day, the sun warms the air on mountain slopes faster than it warms the air in a valley. This results in areas of lower pressure near the mountain tops. • The pressure difference causes a valley breeze, which flows from the valley up the slopes of mountains during the day. • At night, as ...
... • During the day, the sun warms the air on mountain slopes faster than it warms the air in a valley. This results in areas of lower pressure near the mountain tops. • The pressure difference causes a valley breeze, which flows from the valley up the slopes of mountains during the day. • At night, as ...
Unit 3 Lesson 3
... • During the day, the sun warms the air on mountain slopes faster than it warms the air in a valley. This results in areas of lower pressure near the mountain tops. • The pressure difference causes a valley breeze, which flows from the valley up the slopes of mountains during the day. • At night, as ...
... • During the day, the sun warms the air on mountain slopes faster than it warms the air in a valley. This results in areas of lower pressure near the mountain tops. • The pressure difference causes a valley breeze, which flows from the valley up the slopes of mountains during the day. • At night, as ...
Earth`s Global Electric Circuit - UCAR Center for Science Education
... bubble which surrounds our fragile planet. Particle radiation spiralling down along our planet’s magnetic field lines can damage satellites, disrupt communications systems, and even short out electrical power systems. Sunspots are dark, planet-sized regions that appear on the “surface” of the Sun. A ...
... bubble which surrounds our fragile planet. Particle radiation spiralling down along our planet’s magnetic field lines can damage satellites, disrupt communications systems, and even short out electrical power systems. Sunspots are dark, planet-sized regions that appear on the “surface” of the Sun. A ...
Environmental Chemistry (Air)
... b) What is the physical meaning of the adiabatic exponent ? c) Why is the average vertical cooling rate in dry air larger than the one in humid air and what are their approximate numerical values (in units of °C/km)? ...
... b) What is the physical meaning of the adiabatic exponent ? c) Why is the average vertical cooling rate in dry air larger than the one in humid air and what are their approximate numerical values (in units of °C/km)? ...
Reports The Greenhouse and Antigreenhouse Effects on Titan
... in the thermal balance than the main con- the top of a planetary atmosphere and withdensable gases CH4 and H2o, respectively. in the atmosphere itself. We begin with an However, they are not limited by saturation idealized case: a layer that completely aband hence their concentration can change, sor ...
... in the thermal balance than the main con- the top of a planetary atmosphere and withdensable gases CH4 and H2o, respectively. in the atmosphere itself. We begin with an However, they are not limited by saturation idealized case: a layer that completely aband hence their concentration can change, sor ...
Chapter 5 The Meridional Structure of the Atmosphere
... just after northern winter solstice. However, the variation of the Earth-Sun distance is less than ±2%; while the corresponding variation in solar flux is not negligible, its contribution to the annual variation of the local solar flux per unit area at any given latitude is much less than that arisi ...
... just after northern winter solstice. However, the variation of the Earth-Sun distance is less than ±2%; while the corresponding variation in solar flux is not negligible, its contribution to the annual variation of the local solar flux per unit area at any given latitude is much less than that arisi ...
1 Impact-driven planetary desiccation: the origin of the dry Venus
... dissociation of water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen, previous studies have investigated the fate of oxygen based three processes: (1) frictional escape caused by drag-off by the escaping hydrogen flow [e.g., Chassefière, 1996; Gillmann et al., 2009; Kasting and Pollack, 1983; Sasaki, 2008; Zahnle ...
... dissociation of water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen, previous studies have investigated the fate of oxygen based three processes: (1) frictional escape caused by drag-off by the escaping hydrogen flow [e.g., Chassefière, 1996; Gillmann et al., 2009; Kasting and Pollack, 1983; Sasaki, 2008; Zahnle ...
11. Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds
... cells distribute heat efficiently • surface temperature is uniform all over the planet © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley ...
... cells distribute heat efficiently • surface temperature is uniform all over the planet © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... So for the earth to be in steady state, it must emit 235. So, that is very clear. So, from top of the atmosphere we are very sure that the total radiation absorbed by the sun by the earth’s atmosphere system is 235 watts per meter square. And, the earth’s atmosphere system has to radiate in the inf ...
... So for the earth to be in steady state, it must emit 235. So, that is very clear. So, from top of the atmosphere we are very sure that the total radiation absorbed by the sun by the earth’s atmosphere system is 235 watts per meter square. And, the earth’s atmosphere system has to radiate in the inf ...
The transmission spectrum of Earth-size transiting planets
... extensive atmospheres of tens of small satellites of giant exoplanets and hundreds of hypothetical ocean-planets can be achieved with 20–30 m and 10–20 m instruments, respectively, provided all these planets are frequent and they are efficiently surveyed. We also found that planets around K stars ar ...
... extensive atmospheres of tens of small satellites of giant exoplanets and hundreds of hypothetical ocean-planets can be achieved with 20–30 m and 10–20 m instruments, respectively, provided all these planets are frequent and they are efficiently surveyed. We also found that planets around K stars ar ...
PDF only - at www.arxiv.org.
... of habitable planets, and emphasize the importance of Venus to these science themes. Why are the terrestrial planets so different from each other? Venus should be the most Earth-like of all our planetary neighbours. Its size, bulk composition and distance from the Sun are very similar to those of th ...
... of habitable planets, and emphasize the importance of Venus to these science themes. Why are the terrestrial planets so different from each other? Venus should be the most Earth-like of all our planetary neighbours. Its size, bulk composition and distance from the Sun are very similar to those of th ...
Unit 2 : Atmosphere
... The next atmospheric layer, the stratosphere, extends upward from the tropopause to 50 kilometers. In the stratosphere temperatures increase with altitude because of absorption of sunlight by stratospheric ozone. (About 90 percent of the ozone in the atmosphere is found in the stratosphere.) The str ...
... The next atmospheric layer, the stratosphere, extends upward from the tropopause to 50 kilometers. In the stratosphere temperatures increase with altitude because of absorption of sunlight by stratospheric ozone. (About 90 percent of the ozone in the atmosphere is found in the stratosphere.) The str ...
And by using, the classical solution (equation 2a) in plane geometry
... of the flux Bs cannot have for origin the radiation emission alone: geothermal flux, certainly, increases very few Bs (around 0,03%), but the ocean has a much greater influences and particularly the phenomena like el Niño or its opposite la Niña etc... More generally, the surface temperature depen ...
... of the flux Bs cannot have for origin the radiation emission alone: geothermal flux, certainly, increases very few Bs (around 0,03%), but the ocean has a much greater influences and particularly the phenomena like el Niño or its opposite la Niña etc... More generally, the surface temperature depen ...
Glowacki-AT207
... • Turbulence, most important near the surface, increases mixing • Solar heating also makes the atmospheric unstable & increases mixing (accounts for different mixing between night and day) • Water vapor and clouds complicate all these things • The stratospheric Temperature inversion significantly li ...
... • Turbulence, most important near the surface, increases mixing • Solar heating also makes the atmospheric unstable & increases mixing (accounts for different mixing between night and day) • Water vapor and clouds complicate all these things • The stratospheric Temperature inversion significantly li ...
Proof definitive that there is no atmospheric "greenhouse effect"
... air by then. If “greenhouse gases” were causing the lapse rate we would expect that above 5 km in altitude the lapse rate would drop significantly as the water vapor condenses out of the air. What we see instead is an increase in the the lapse rate above 5 km in altitude. From real world weather bal ...
... air by then. If “greenhouse gases” were causing the lapse rate we would expect that above 5 km in altitude the lapse rate would drop significantly as the water vapor condenses out of the air. What we see instead is an increase in the the lapse rate above 5 km in altitude. From real world weather bal ...
EVR 4231 - Air Resources
... CO2(96.5%); N2(3.5%); SO2(150 ppm); Ar(70 ppm); H2O(20 ppm); CO(17 ppm) ...
... CO2(96.5%); N2(3.5%); SO2(150 ppm); Ar(70 ppm); H2O(20 ppm); CO(17 ppm) ...
Understanding the stratosphere
... for definition) are in the range of 2 - 6 ppm (parts per million) compared to 100 ppm in the upper troposphere and 1,000 40,000 ppm in the lower troposphere, close to the surface of the Earth. This means that stratospheric clouds form very rarely and only if temperatures are so low that ice crystals ...
... for definition) are in the range of 2 - 6 ppm (parts per million) compared to 100 ppm in the upper troposphere and 1,000 40,000 ppm in the lower troposphere, close to the surface of the Earth. This means that stratospheric clouds form very rarely and only if temperatures are so low that ice crystals ...
Weather Pre-Reading Activity - team7-1
... The atmosphere can be divided into four layers based on temperature variations. The layer closest to Earth is called the troposphere. Above this layer is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere, then the thermosphere. The upper boundaries between these layers are known as the tropopause, the st ...
... The atmosphere can be divided into four layers based on temperature variations. The layer closest to Earth is called the troposphere. Above this layer is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere, then the thermosphere. The upper boundaries between these layers are known as the tropopause, the st ...
doc - UA Atmospheric Sciences
... small gravitational acceleration cannot hold onto atmospheres unless the atmospheres are very cold and not very energetic. Otherwise the molecules in the atmospheres will fly off into space. ASIDE: The reason why the D/H ratio on Mars is so high compared to Earth is thought to be the fact that a lar ...
... small gravitational acceleration cannot hold onto atmospheres unless the atmospheres are very cold and not very energetic. Otherwise the molecules in the atmospheres will fly off into space. ASIDE: The reason why the D/H ratio on Mars is so high compared to Earth is thought to be the fact that a lar ...
Module 14 The Earth`s Atmosphere
... The atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen (N2, 78%), oxygen (O2, 21%), and argon (Ar, 1%). A myriad of other very influential components are also present which include the "greenhouse" gases or ozone (0 - 0.01%), carbon dioxide (CO2, 0.033%). (Refer to Table) The atmosphere extends from the ...
... The atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen (N2, 78%), oxygen (O2, 21%), and argon (Ar, 1%). A myriad of other very influential components are also present which include the "greenhouse" gases or ozone (0 - 0.01%), carbon dioxide (CO2, 0.033%). (Refer to Table) The atmosphere extends from the ...
ESS200C Lecture 12 Solar Wind Interactions with Unmagnetized
... This figure shows both the upstream and downstream views of the interaction process. The gray isosurface represents a density contour with planetary O+ density equals to 50/cc as an indication of Venus ionosphere, which is around 400 km altitude along the subsolar line, but extends nearly to 5 RV i ...
... This figure shows both the upstream and downstream views of the interaction process. The gray isosurface represents a density contour with planetary O+ density equals to 50/cc as an indication of Venus ionosphere, which is around 400 km altitude along the subsolar line, but extends nearly to 5 RV i ...
Atmosphere of Venus
The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K (467 °C, 872 °F), whereas the pressure is 93 bar. The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging. Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Saint Petersburg.The atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation and super-rotation. The whole atmosphere circles the planet in just four Earth days, much faster than the planet's sidereal day of 243 days. The winds supporting super-rotation blow as fast as 100 m/s (~360 km/h or 220 mph). Winds move at up to 60 times the speed of the planet's rotation, while Earth's fastest winds are only 10% to 20% rotation speed. On the other hand, the wind speed becomes increasingly slower as the elevation from the surface decreases, with the breeze barely reaching the speed of 10 km/h on the surface. Near the poles are anticyclonic structures called polar vortices. Each vortex is double-eyed and shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds.Unlike Earth, Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind. This ionised layer excludes the solar magnetic field, giving Venus a distinct magnetic environment. This is considered Venus's induced magnetosphere. Lighter gases, including water vapour, are continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail. It is speculated that the atmosphere of Venus up to around 4 billion years ago was more like that of the Earth with liquid water on the surface. A runaway greenhouse effect may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases.Despite the harsh conditions on the surface, the atmospheric pressure and temperature at about 50 km to 65 km above the surface of the planet is nearly the same as that of the Earth, making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System, even more so than the surface of Mars. Due to the similarity in pressure and temperature and the fact that breathable air (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way that helium is a lifting gas on Earth, the upper atmosphere has been proposed as a location for both exploration and colonization.On January 29, 2013, ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to ""the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions.""