The Urban and Industrial Environment
... island . In the larger cities over 10,000,000, the mean annual minimum temperature can be as much as 4 degrees F higher than that of the surrounding rural periphery. This difference is much greater in summer than in winter. The causes for the urban heat island are twofold: 1. Compared to rural surfa ...
... island . In the larger cities over 10,000,000, the mean annual minimum temperature can be as much as 4 degrees F higher than that of the surrounding rural periphery. This difference is much greater in summer than in winter. The causes for the urban heat island are twofold: 1. Compared to rural surfa ...
Focus On Earth Science
... • An inversion occurs when warm air sits on top of cold air. • The air that is rising from Earth’s surface can only reach a certain height, and then it becomes trapped under the inversion. ...
... • An inversion occurs when warm air sits on top of cold air. • The air that is rising from Earth’s surface can only reach a certain height, and then it becomes trapped under the inversion. ...
Unit 6 Notes Part 1
... IV. Heat transfers by movement of heated materials called _____________________ - heat that radiates from the ground initiates convection cells in the atmosphere V. In ____________________________, heat moves from areas of more heat to areas of less heat by direct contact. 1. Conduction is more eff ...
... IV. Heat transfers by movement of heated materials called _____________________ - heat that radiates from the ground initiates convection cells in the atmosphere V. In ____________________________, heat moves from areas of more heat to areas of less heat by direct contact. 1. Conduction is more eff ...
Unit 6 Part 1 Notes
... Substance for Waves to Travel Through The atmosphere is made of gases that take up space and transmit energy. ...
... Substance for Waves to Travel Through The atmosphere is made of gases that take up space and transmit energy. ...
Lower Atmosphere Basics
... kilometers. In the polar regions (light blue for summer, dark blue for winter) the tropopause is at altitudes of less than 10 kilometers. We divide the troposphere further into two sublayers, a layer which is directly influenced by the surface of the Earth known as the planetary boundary layer, and ...
... kilometers. In the polar regions (light blue for summer, dark blue for winter) the tropopause is at altitudes of less than 10 kilometers. We divide the troposphere further into two sublayers, a layer which is directly influenced by the surface of the Earth known as the planetary boundary layer, and ...
4.4 Atmospheres of solar system planets
... between 50 and 100 K. The stratosphere reaches a temperature of 150 K. The heating is due to photochemical absorption by haze (photo-chemical smog), while the cooling is mainly due to emission lines of C2 H2 (acetylene) and C2 H6 (ethane). Above comes the thermosphere where the temperature reaches a ...
... between 50 and 100 K. The stratosphere reaches a temperature of 150 K. The heating is due to photochemical absorption by haze (photo-chemical smog), while the cooling is mainly due to emission lines of C2 H2 (acetylene) and C2 H6 (ethane). Above comes the thermosphere where the temperature reaches a ...
Basics
... the polar regions (light blue for summer, dark blue for winter) the tropopause is at altitudes of less than 10 kilometers. We divide the troposphere further into two sublayers, a layer which is directly influenced by the surface of the Earth known as the planetary boundary layer, and the free tropos ...
... the polar regions (light blue for summer, dark blue for winter) the tropopause is at altitudes of less than 10 kilometers. We divide the troposphere further into two sublayers, a layer which is directly influenced by the surface of the Earth known as the planetary boundary layer, and the free tropos ...
Regional Natural Resource Management Research Development
... The Anthroposphere is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities. It is comprised of all human interactions and includes all social, cultural and economic aspects of human society. It is important to note that this theme is focused on Anthroposphere i ...
... The Anthroposphere is that part of the environment that is made or modified by humans for use in human activities. It is comprised of all human interactions and includes all social, cultural and economic aspects of human society. It is important to note that this theme is focused on Anthroposphere i ...
Practice Problems:
... are controlled by processes that occur over millions of years. It is not probable that human activities could affect the atmospheric concentrations of these gases over ‘short’ time scales. Why does the ocean resist changes in pH? The oceans have a HCO3-/CO32- buffer system that allows the uptake of ...
... are controlled by processes that occur over millions of years. It is not probable that human activities could affect the atmospheric concentrations of these gases over ‘short’ time scales. Why does the ocean resist changes in pH? The oceans have a HCO3-/CO32- buffer system that allows the uptake of ...
Dr Conor Nixon Fall 2006
... • We now know that Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, despite being further from the Sun than Mercury. Any ideas why? • The answer is the greenhouse effect, which we just discussed in the context of the Earth. However, clearly the size of the effect is much larger for Venus. • Although ...
... • We now know that Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, despite being further from the Sun than Mercury. Any ideas why? • The answer is the greenhouse effect, which we just discussed in the context of the Earth. However, clearly the size of the effect is much larger for Venus. • Although ...
Airzone newsletter April 2010
... (21 percent) of high-pollution days, and Milton, which recorded the highest oneday average of 145 micrograms. In Alexandra there were 40 exceedances in 2009, compared with 75 in 2008 and 35 in 2007. ORC air quality scientist Deborah Mills says the 2008 figures need to be interpreted carefully becaus ...
... (21 percent) of high-pollution days, and Milton, which recorded the highest oneday average of 145 micrograms. In Alexandra there were 40 exceedances in 2009, compared with 75 in 2008 and 35 in 2007. ORC air quality scientist Deborah Mills says the 2008 figures need to be interpreted carefully becaus ...
Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science: Concepts in Action
... the mesosphere and starts at an altitude of about 80 km • The air is very thin in the thermosphere • The outmost portion at about 80 km (298 mi) is the exosphere (not a distinct layer) where some gases escape Earth’s gravitational pull and exit into space • Ionosphere (not a distinct layer) is when ...
... the mesosphere and starts at an altitude of about 80 km • The air is very thin in the thermosphere • The outmost portion at about 80 km (298 mi) is the exosphere (not a distinct layer) where some gases escape Earth’s gravitational pull and exit into space • Ionosphere (not a distinct layer) is when ...
magnetosphere
... •The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. •The mesosphere is located about 50-80/85km above Earth's surface. •Within this layer, temperature decreases with increasing altitude. •The main dynamical features in t ...
... •The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. •The mesosphere is located about 50-80/85km above Earth's surface. •Within this layer, temperature decreases with increasing altitude. •The main dynamical features in t ...
Atmosphere
... high winds, which are often associated with monsoon storms • Desert winds pick up dust because there is not as much vegetation to hold down the dirt and sand. • Haboob forms in the downdrafts on the front of a thunderstorm • Dust devils, also called whirlwinds, form as the ground becomes so hot that ...
... high winds, which are often associated with monsoon storms • Desert winds pick up dust because there is not as much vegetation to hold down the dirt and sand. • Haboob forms in the downdrafts on the front of a thunderstorm • Dust devils, also called whirlwinds, form as the ground becomes so hot that ...
Lecture 1: Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry
... • Assuming that all CCl4 evaporated and that it does not react with anything, calculate its mixing ratio after it gets uniformly distributed through the entire atmosphere. • Did he accomplish his objective given that the present day CCl4 mixing ratio is roughly 100 ppt? • How many drums could one fi ...
... • Assuming that all CCl4 evaporated and that it does not react with anything, calculate its mixing ratio after it gets uniformly distributed through the entire atmosphere. • Did he accomplish his objective given that the present day CCl4 mixing ratio is roughly 100 ppt? • How many drums could one fi ...
Earth`s Atmosphere
... Identify three greenhouse gases. Then explain how scientists think greenhouse gases might play a role in global warming. ...
... Identify three greenhouse gases. Then explain how scientists think greenhouse gases might play a role in global warming. ...
Chapter 9 - Earth`s Atmosphere
... Identify three greenhouse gases. Then explain how scientists think greenhouse gases might play a role in global warming. ...
... Identify three greenhouse gases. Then explain how scientists think greenhouse gases might play a role in global warming. ...
Environmental Chemistry web
... with an oxygen atom bonded to each side. When its atoms are bonded tightly together, the carbon dioxide molecule can absorb infrared radiation and the molecule starts to vibrate. Eventually, the vibrating molecule will emit the radiation again, and it will likely be absorbed by yet another greenhous ...
... with an oxygen atom bonded to each side. When its atoms are bonded tightly together, the carbon dioxide molecule can absorb infrared radiation and the molecule starts to vibrate. Eventually, the vibrating molecule will emit the radiation again, and it will likely be absorbed by yet another greenhous ...
Margaret Mead, American Anthropologist
... surface (gradually getting warmer) which moves across the surface, causing water to evaporate from the land, creating dry conditions • Air ascending at 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude move toward the equator or flow to the poles, air moving toward poles warms while near the surface; a ...
... surface (gradually getting warmer) which moves across the surface, causing water to evaporate from the land, creating dry conditions • Air ascending at 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude move toward the equator or flow to the poles, air moving toward poles warms while near the surface; a ...
Section 1
... The wind belts found between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres are called the westerlies. The westerlies flow toward the poles from west to east. The westerlies can carry moist air over the United States, producing rain and snow. Trade Winds In both hemispheres, the winds that blow from 30° l ...
... The wind belts found between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres are called the westerlies. The westerlies flow toward the poles from west to east. The westerlies can carry moist air over the United States, producing rain and snow. Trade Winds In both hemispheres, the winds that blow from 30° l ...
Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Name______________ Per_____
... Layers of the Atmosphere Activity: Background Reading: The atmosphere can be divided into four layers based on temperature variations. The layer closest to the Earth is called the troposphere. Above this layer is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere, then the thermosphere. The upper boundari ...
... Layers of the Atmosphere Activity: Background Reading: The atmosphere can be divided into four layers based on temperature variations. The layer closest to the Earth is called the troposphere. Above this layer is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere, then the thermosphere. The upper boundari ...
Margaret Mead, American Anthropologist
... surface (gradually getting warmer) which moves across the surface, causing water to evaporate from the land, creating dry conditions Air ascending at 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude move toward the equator or flow to the poles, air moving toward poles warms while near the surface; a ...
... surface (gradually getting warmer) which moves across the surface, causing water to evaporate from the land, creating dry conditions Air ascending at 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude move toward the equator or flow to the poles, air moving toward poles warms while near the surface; a ...
264KB - NZQA
... • clouds reflect radiation from the Sun back into space preventing it from reaching Earth’s surface • clouds trap long-wavelength radiation from the Earth’s surface and re-radiate it back to Earth. Effect of low and high clouds on Earth’s radiation Low level clouds tend to be thick and reflect much ...
... • clouds reflect radiation from the Sun back into space preventing it from reaching Earth’s surface • clouds trap long-wavelength radiation from the Earth’s surface and re-radiate it back to Earth. Effect of low and high clouds on Earth’s radiation Low level clouds tend to be thick and reflect much ...
Atmosphere of Venus
The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K (467 °C, 872 °F), whereas the pressure is 93 bar. The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging. Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Saint Petersburg.The atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation and super-rotation. The whole atmosphere circles the planet in just four Earth days, much faster than the planet's sidereal day of 243 days. The winds supporting super-rotation blow as fast as 100 m/s (~360 km/h or 220 mph). Winds move at up to 60 times the speed of the planet's rotation, while Earth's fastest winds are only 10% to 20% rotation speed. On the other hand, the wind speed becomes increasingly slower as the elevation from the surface decreases, with the breeze barely reaching the speed of 10 km/h on the surface. Near the poles are anticyclonic structures called polar vortices. Each vortex is double-eyed and shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds.Unlike Earth, Venus lacks a magnetic field. Its ionosphere separates the atmosphere from outer space and the solar wind. This ionised layer excludes the solar magnetic field, giving Venus a distinct magnetic environment. This is considered Venus's induced magnetosphere. Lighter gases, including water vapour, are continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail. It is speculated that the atmosphere of Venus up to around 4 billion years ago was more like that of the Earth with liquid water on the surface. A runaway greenhouse effect may have been caused by the evaporation of the surface water and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases.Despite the harsh conditions on the surface, the atmospheric pressure and temperature at about 50 km to 65 km above the surface of the planet is nearly the same as that of the Earth, making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System, even more so than the surface of Mars. Due to the similarity in pressure and temperature and the fact that breathable air (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way that helium is a lifting gas on Earth, the upper atmosphere has been proposed as a location for both exploration and colonization.On January 29, 2013, ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to ""the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions.""