Download Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Name______________ Per_____

Global Science Unit 4
Packet A
Name______________
Per_____ DUE_______
Layers of the Atmosphere Activity:
Background Reading:
The atmosphere can be divided into four layers based on
temperature variations. The layer closest to the Earth is called the
troposphere. Above this layer is the stratosphere, followed by the
mesosphere, then the thermosphere. The upper boundaries between
these layers are known as the tropopause, the stratopause, and the
mesopause, respectively. Temperature variations in the four layers are due
to the way solar energy is absorbed as it moves downward through the
atmosphere. The Earth’s surface is the primary absorber of solar energy.
Some of this energy is reradiated by the Earth as heat, which warms the
overlying troposphere. The global average temperature in the
troposphere rapidly decreases with altitude until the tropopause, the
boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
The temperature begins to increase with altitude in the stratosphere.
This warming is caused by a form of oxygen called ozone (O3) absorbing
ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone protects us from most of the sun’s
ultraviolet radiation, which can cause cancer, genetic mutations, and
sunburn. Scientists are concerned that human activity is contributing to a
decrease in stratospheric ozone. Nitric oxide, which is the exhaust of highflying jets, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are used as refrigerants,
may contribute to ozone depletion.
At the stratopause, the temperature stops increasing with altitude.
The overlying mesosphere does not absorb solar radiation, so the
temperature decreases with altitude. At the mesopause, the temperature
begins to increase with altitude, and this trend continues in the
thermosphere. Here solar radiation first hits the Earth’s atmosphere and
heats it. Because the atmosphere is so thin, a thermometer cannot
measure the temperature accurately and special instruments are
needed.
Background Reading Questions:
1. What are the four layers of the atmosphere:
2. How are the four layers divided:
3. Which layer do we live and how is it heated:
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4. What causes the stratosphere to be heated:
5. Outside of absorbing heat energy, what does the ozone layer do
for us:
Activity 1:
1. Table 1 contains the average temperature readings at various
altitudes in the Earth’s atmosphere. Plot this data on the graph on
the worksheet, and connect adjacent points with a smooth curve.
Be careful to plot the negative temperature numbers correctly. This
profile provides a general picture of temperature at any given time
and place; however, the actual temperature may deviate from the
average values, particularly in the lower atmosphere.
2. Label the different layers of the atmosphere.
3. Mark the general location of the ozone layer. You should place five
words on your graph in the correct locations: troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ozone layer.
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Activity 1 Analysis Questions:
1. Does the temperature increase or decrease with increasing altitude
in the:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
2. According to your graph, in which layer of the atmosphere is the
coldest air temperature found?
3. According to your graph, in which layer of the atmosphere is the
warmest air temperature found?
4. According to your graph, what happens to temperature as
elevation increases within the stratosphere?
5. What is the approximate height and temperature of the
atmospheric layers:
Approx. Height (km) Approx. Temperature
Atmospheric Layer
(C)
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
6. What causes the temperature to increase with height in the
stratosphere and decrease with height through the mesosphere?
Activity 2:
Using the height you determined for each layer in activity one, you are
now going to make a scale model using the scale of 1km = 1mm.
Height in km above
Atmospheric Layer
Scale in mm
Earth
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
600 km
1. Using the ruler draw the following layers on the column on the next
page. The bottom of the column represents sea level (0 km).
2. Using the ruler label the following on your diagram.
a. Ship at Sea
0 km _________mm
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b. Manned Balloon 6 km _________mm
c. Jet Plane
11 km _________mm
d. Non Pressurized Plane
4 km
_________mm
e. Auroras
350 km _________mm
f. Weather Balloon 40 km _________mm
g. Stratus clouds
2 km _________mm
h. Cirrus clouds
10 km _________mm
i. Cumulus clouds 3 km _________mm
j. Ozone layer
30 km _________mm
Activity 2 Analysis Questions:
1. Based on the location of the clouds, in which
layer does weather occur?
2. Air pressure is partially caused by the weight of
all the air above it. Therefore, in Denver, since
it is a higher elevation than Baltimore, they
have less air pressure. Based on that
knowledge, is the air more or less dense in
Denver and why?
3. Based on question two, do you expect air
pressure to increase or decrease as you
increase in altitude:
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Earth: The Power of the Planet-Atmosphere
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5ViCNJAkHg
1. The key layer that is also the first layer in the atmosphere is the
___________________. It is around _________km thick and is a _________________
___________________ and unstable layer but life depends on it.
2. At 45,000 feet, above an invisible boundary, he enters the second layer called the
________________________________. Here is the air is stable and
__________________________________. The layer is also home to the _______________ layer.
3. At 50,000 feet, ________ % of all gases (air) are below this elevation.
4. In 1959, John Kittinger took a helium balloon up to the ____________________________
and made the longest parachute jump in history.
5. The furthest edge of the atmosphere consists of two layers. The
______________________ (3rd layer) protects us from ______________________. Shooting
stars are ______________ that are burning up in the atmosphere.
6. At 85km, or 279,000 feet, the fourth layer _________________________ is so thin that
beyond 100km (328,000 ft) is the beginning of ___________________. This is where
the space shuttle orbits and solar winds are diverted to the poles, creating an
___________________ or “northern lights”.
7. The volume of the atmosphere is ________% of the Earth.
8. The Troposphere is not just gas; it’s an __________________ of air that creates air
currents that flow around the tops of mountains.
9. Tornados are like giant ______________________ of air.
10. Just like the ocean, the troposphere has waves. The large cloud in
_______________________ is the largest wave in the world. It forms regularly when a
large band of __________ ___________ approaches a shore line. As the air ____________
it condenses and forms a large cloud.
11. The atmosphere has weight, so the pressure on us at sea level is __________ per
square cm. The air __________________________________________________ balances the air
outside, so we adjust to it.
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12. Earth’s atmosphere is capable of changing the ____________________ of the Earth,
even cutting through solid ____________________.
13. Rock formation in Arizona is one of the most precious of the planet. It is a
geological work of art that is called the __________________ and sculpted by the
___________.
14. The air in the atmosphere is constantly at ___________________ and constantly
_____________________ the land.
15. A yardang is a giant ridge that is carved by the wind that blows constantly and
__________________________________________________.
16. Winds blown across the Sahara desert in Africa send nutrient rich sand into the
____________________ and all the way to the _____________________________, in South
America. ____________________ tons per year reach across the Atlantic.
17. _______________________ is the result of ____________ moving in the atmosphere.
18. Clouds are created from __________________ evaporating ________________________ from
the oceans and the land.
19. In South America, __________________________ has the worst storms in the world.
Why?
A. Warm air from the _______________________ clashes with the cold air that
blows up from ___________________________________.
B. The ____________________ mountains trap the cold air and the warm air to
create a ____________________ _________________ with lots of lightning.
20. The Earth was created ______________ billion years ago and it was highly volcanic.
It erupted gas for millions of years.
21. The early atmosphere was composed of __________________, ____________________,
__________________ and hydrogen sulfide. There was no ________________________.
22. All life owes its existence to ________________________________. They can be found in
Australia even today. They are simple __________________________ that secretes a
slime to build layer after layer.
23. The released _______________________ that changed the planet as the first organisms
to perform ________________________________.
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Heat Energy Reading Cornell Notes
Questions/ Prompts
21.2 Heat
-what is heat?
-what is thermal contact?
-how does heat flow between
objects?
-why is it incorrect to say that
matter contains heat?
Your Answers/ Notes
21.4 Internal Energy
-what is internal energy?
-how can the internal energy of
substance be changed?
21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
-on what does the ability of an
object to store heat depend?
-what is specific heat capacity?
-what are the specific heat
capacities of water, aluminum, olive
oil, and steel?
-how can absorbed energy affect
substances?
-which absorbs more heat per gram,
water or iron?
21.7 The High Specific Heat
Capacity of Water
-why is water useful both in car
cooling systems and as foot-warming
hot-water bottles?
-how does water affect temperature
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and climate?
-why does San Francisco have
warmer winters and cooler summers
than Washington, DC?
- why doe the Dakotas have
extremes of temperature swinging
from high summer temperatures to
low winter temperatures?
22.1 Conduction
-what is conduction?
-what are the best conductors?
-why does a piece of roomtemperature metal feel cooler than
paper wood or cloth?
-what is the difference between a
conductor and an insulator?
-why are material such as wood, fur,
feathers, and snow good insulators?
-what is cold?
22.2 Convection
-what is convection?
-convection occurs in what materials?
-how does convection cause wind?
-why does the direction of coastal
wind change from day to night?
22.3 Radiation
-what is radiation?
-what are the 7 types of radiant
energy?
22.5 Absorption of Radiant Energy
-what is thermal equilibrium?
-good emitters are what?
-poor emitters are what?
-why does a good absorber of radiant
energy appear black?
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-which will keep you cooler in the
summer, light clothing or dark
clothing?
Radiation Lab
A Material’s Effect on Heat Radiation:
Materials:
1 thermometer
100-watt light source
3 colored paper pouches
Procedure:
1)
Place a thermometer into the white pouch.
2)
Place the pouch on a table. Position the light
Source ~10 cm above the pouch.
3)
Turn the light on and record the temperature
of the pouch each minute for 5 minutes.
4)
Record the temperatures in the data table
5)
Repeat 1-4 for each of the two remaining pouches.
6)
Complete a graph of temp. vs. time for each of the
(3) pouches.
Data Table:
Substance
1 min.
2 min.
3 min.
Graph
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4 min.
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Wrap-Up Questions:
Heat Transfer through Absorption of Radiation Waves
1)
What color material is the best absorber of heat?
2)
Which material is the worst absorber of heat?
WHY?
Conduction Lab
Conduction is the transfer of heat by touching. Vibrating
(kinetic) molecules collide with stationary molecules and
thus transfer energy through a chain reaction.
Materials:
1 bunsen burner
4 Rods of different material
(glass, copper, aluminum, stainless steel,
brass)
Procedure:
1)
Place the end of one of the rods into the flame
2)
After 1 minute, SLOWLY move your fingers down the
rod towards the hot end (WARNING: these materials
can become extremely hot and can burn you quickly.
Use Extreme Caution)
3)
Measure, (in cm.)how far the heat has advanced up
the rod in 1 minutes time
4)
Record the distances in the data table
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5)
Repeat 1-3 again for a total of 4 minutes
6)
Repeat 1-5 using (3) other rods of your choice.
7)
Graph your results (Distance vs. Time)
WARNING: If using glass, be extremely careful and SLOWLY
proceed up the rod until it begins to feel warm. STOP
there and record the distance in cm.
Data Table:
Substance
1 min.
2 min.
3 min.
Graph
Wrap-Up Questions:
Conduction of Heat in Various Materials
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1) What material was the best conductor?
2) Which material is the worst conductor (the best
insulator)?
Climate Controls
Use the maps with climate data comparing different factors that control
climate at he website:
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/lutgens3/medialib/abcontrol/in
dex.html
Latitude:
City
Latitude (N,S)
Temperature
Range (high-low)
Daylight Hours
Range (high –low)
Latitude Conclusion Statement: Based on my data the temperature
________________________ as latitude increases because there is
_______________________ solar intensity.
Land vs. Water:
Part 1
City
Latitude (N,S)
Temperature
Range (high-low)
Surrounding Area
(land or water?)
Land vs Water Conclusion Statement: ______________________ has a
greater temeperature range tham ________________ because
_______________________________________________________.
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Part 2
We you play the animation traveling eastward across Europe, from Dublin to
Samara. How do the temperature and precipitation patterns change along
this transect?
Geographic Position:
City
Longitude (E,W)
Temperature
Range (high-low)
Major Rainfall
Months?
Geographic Position Conclusion Statement: ________________ has a
maritime climate with most of its rainfall in the months of _____________
_____________________________________________. This is similar
to our climate here in Clackamas because__________________________
________________________________________________________.
The reason Norfolk does not have a maritime climate is _______________
________________________________________________________.
Mountains- Temperature:
City
Elevation
MaximumTemperature MinimumTemperature
Range (high-low)
Range (high-low)
Mountains- Temperature Conclusion Statement: The higher the elevation
the __________________ the temperature range.
Mountains- Precipitation:
City
Longitude
(E,W)
Temperature
Range (highlow)
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Major
Rainfall
Months?
Rainfall Range
(high-low)
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Mountains- Precipitation Conclusion Statement: As you travel across
Washington state and the Cascade Mountains the temperature range
_____________________________________ and the rainfall ________
_________________________________________________________.
Skip Oceans and move to the next slide.
Pressure and Wind:
Latitude Range
Wind Name
Resulting Precipitation
Pressure and Wind Conclusion Statement: As you travel north or south
from the Equator the season will change from ________________ to
______________ to _________________ to ______________ to
________________ to _______________.
Putting it Together World Climographs (THIS WHERE YOU EARN YOUR
POINTS!)
Using the information provided and your conclusion statements identify the
most likely cause of each city’s climate pattern for 5 cities of your choice on
the globe.
City
Reason for Climate
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