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Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Name______________ Per_____ DUE_______ Layers of the Atmosphere Activity: Background Reading: The atmosphere can be divided into four layers based on temperature variations. The layer closest to the Earth is called the troposphere. Above this layer is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere, then the thermosphere. The upper boundaries between these layers are known as the tropopause, the stratopause, and the mesopause, respectively. Temperature variations in the four layers are due to the way solar energy is absorbed as it moves downward through the atmosphere. The Earth’s surface is the primary absorber of solar energy. Some of this energy is reradiated by the Earth as heat, which warms the overlying troposphere. The global average temperature in the troposphere rapidly decreases with altitude until the tropopause, the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. The temperature begins to increase with altitude in the stratosphere. This warming is caused by a form of oxygen called ozone (O3) absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone protects us from most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, which can cause cancer, genetic mutations, and sunburn. Scientists are concerned that human activity is contributing to a decrease in stratospheric ozone. Nitric oxide, which is the exhaust of highflying jets, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are used as refrigerants, may contribute to ozone depletion. At the stratopause, the temperature stops increasing with altitude. The overlying mesosphere does not absorb solar radiation, so the temperature decreases with altitude. At the mesopause, the temperature begins to increase with altitude, and this trend continues in the thermosphere. Here solar radiation first hits the Earth’s atmosphere and heats it. Because the atmosphere is so thin, a thermometer cannot measure the temperature accurately and special instruments are needed. Background Reading Questions: 1. What are the four layers of the atmosphere: 2. How are the four layers divided: 3. Which layer do we live and how is it heated: Page 1 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A 4. What causes the stratosphere to be heated: 5. Outside of absorbing heat energy, what does the ozone layer do for us: Activity 1: 1. Table 1 contains the average temperature readings at various altitudes in the Earth’s atmosphere. Plot this data on the graph on the worksheet, and connect adjacent points with a smooth curve. Be careful to plot the negative temperature numbers correctly. This profile provides a general picture of temperature at any given time and place; however, the actual temperature may deviate from the average values, particularly in the lower atmosphere. 2. Label the different layers of the atmosphere. 3. Mark the general location of the ozone layer. You should place five words on your graph in the correct locations: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ozone layer. Page 2 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Page 3 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Activity 1 Analysis Questions: 1. Does the temperature increase or decrease with increasing altitude in the: Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere 2. According to your graph, in which layer of the atmosphere is the coldest air temperature found? 3. According to your graph, in which layer of the atmosphere is the warmest air temperature found? 4. According to your graph, what happens to temperature as elevation increases within the stratosphere? 5. What is the approximate height and temperature of the atmospheric layers: Approx. Height (km) Approx. Temperature Atmospheric Layer (C) Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere 6. What causes the temperature to increase with height in the stratosphere and decrease with height through the mesosphere? Activity 2: Using the height you determined for each layer in activity one, you are now going to make a scale model using the scale of 1km = 1mm. Height in km above Atmospheric Layer Scale in mm Earth Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere 600 km 1. Using the ruler draw the following layers on the column on the next page. The bottom of the column represents sea level (0 km). 2. Using the ruler label the following on your diagram. a. Ship at Sea 0 km _________mm Page 4 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A b. Manned Balloon 6 km _________mm c. Jet Plane 11 km _________mm d. Non Pressurized Plane 4 km _________mm e. Auroras 350 km _________mm f. Weather Balloon 40 km _________mm g. Stratus clouds 2 km _________mm h. Cirrus clouds 10 km _________mm i. Cumulus clouds 3 km _________mm j. Ozone layer 30 km _________mm Activity 2 Analysis Questions: 1. Based on the location of the clouds, in which layer does weather occur? 2. Air pressure is partially caused by the weight of all the air above it. Therefore, in Denver, since it is a higher elevation than Baltimore, they have less air pressure. Based on that knowledge, is the air more or less dense in Denver and why? 3. Based on question two, do you expect air pressure to increase or decrease as you increase in altitude: Page 5 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Earth: The Power of the Planet-Atmosphere http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5ViCNJAkHg 1. The key layer that is also the first layer in the atmosphere is the ___________________. It is around _________km thick and is a _________________ ___________________ and unstable layer but life depends on it. 2. At 45,000 feet, above an invisible boundary, he enters the second layer called the ________________________________. Here is the air is stable and __________________________________. The layer is also home to the _______________ layer. 3. At 50,000 feet, ________ % of all gases (air) are below this elevation. 4. In 1959, John Kittinger took a helium balloon up to the ____________________________ and made the longest parachute jump in history. 5. The furthest edge of the atmosphere consists of two layers. The ______________________ (3rd layer) protects us from ______________________. Shooting stars are ______________ that are burning up in the atmosphere. 6. At 85km, or 279,000 feet, the fourth layer _________________________ is so thin that beyond 100km (328,000 ft) is the beginning of ___________________. This is where the space shuttle orbits and solar winds are diverted to the poles, creating an ___________________ or “northern lights”. 7. The volume of the atmosphere is ________% of the Earth. 8. The Troposphere is not just gas; it’s an __________________ of air that creates air currents that flow around the tops of mountains. 9. Tornados are like giant ______________________ of air. 10. Just like the ocean, the troposphere has waves. The large cloud in _______________________ is the largest wave in the world. It forms regularly when a large band of __________ ___________ approaches a shore line. As the air ____________ it condenses and forms a large cloud. 11. The atmosphere has weight, so the pressure on us at sea level is __________ per square cm. The air __________________________________________________ balances the air outside, so we adjust to it. Page 6 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A 12. Earth’s atmosphere is capable of changing the ____________________ of the Earth, even cutting through solid ____________________. 13. Rock formation in Arizona is one of the most precious of the planet. It is a geological work of art that is called the __________________ and sculpted by the ___________. 14. The air in the atmosphere is constantly at ___________________ and constantly _____________________ the land. 15. A yardang is a giant ridge that is carved by the wind that blows constantly and __________________________________________________. 16. Winds blown across the Sahara desert in Africa send nutrient rich sand into the ____________________ and all the way to the _____________________________, in South America. ____________________ tons per year reach across the Atlantic. 17. _______________________ is the result of ____________ moving in the atmosphere. 18. Clouds are created from __________________ evaporating ________________________ from the oceans and the land. 19. In South America, __________________________ has the worst storms in the world. Why? A. Warm air from the _______________________ clashes with the cold air that blows up from ___________________________________. B. The ____________________ mountains trap the cold air and the warm air to create a ____________________ _________________ with lots of lightning. 20. The Earth was created ______________ billion years ago and it was highly volcanic. It erupted gas for millions of years. 21. The early atmosphere was composed of __________________, ____________________, __________________ and hydrogen sulfide. There was no ________________________. 22. All life owes its existence to ________________________________. They can be found in Australia even today. They are simple __________________________ that secretes a slime to build layer after layer. 23. The released _______________________ that changed the planet as the first organisms to perform ________________________________. Page 7 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Heat Energy Reading Cornell Notes Questions/ Prompts 21.2 Heat -what is heat? -what is thermal contact? -how does heat flow between objects? -why is it incorrect to say that matter contains heat? Your Answers/ Notes 21.4 Internal Energy -what is internal energy? -how can the internal energy of substance be changed? 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity -on what does the ability of an object to store heat depend? -what is specific heat capacity? -what are the specific heat capacities of water, aluminum, olive oil, and steel? -how can absorbed energy affect substances? -which absorbs more heat per gram, water or iron? 21.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water -why is water useful both in car cooling systems and as foot-warming hot-water bottles? -how does water affect temperature Page 8 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A and climate? -why does San Francisco have warmer winters and cooler summers than Washington, DC? - why doe the Dakotas have extremes of temperature swinging from high summer temperatures to low winter temperatures? 22.1 Conduction -what is conduction? -what are the best conductors? -why does a piece of roomtemperature metal feel cooler than paper wood or cloth? -what is the difference between a conductor and an insulator? -why are material such as wood, fur, feathers, and snow good insulators? -what is cold? 22.2 Convection -what is convection? -convection occurs in what materials? -how does convection cause wind? -why does the direction of coastal wind change from day to night? 22.3 Radiation -what is radiation? -what are the 7 types of radiant energy? 22.5 Absorption of Radiant Energy -what is thermal equilibrium? -good emitters are what? -poor emitters are what? -why does a good absorber of radiant energy appear black? Page 9 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A -which will keep you cooler in the summer, light clothing or dark clothing? Radiation Lab A Material’s Effect on Heat Radiation: Materials: 1 thermometer 100-watt light source 3 colored paper pouches Procedure: 1) Place a thermometer into the white pouch. 2) Place the pouch on a table. Position the light Source ~10 cm above the pouch. 3) Turn the light on and record the temperature of the pouch each minute for 5 minutes. 4) Record the temperatures in the data table 5) Repeat 1-4 for each of the two remaining pouches. 6) Complete a graph of temp. vs. time for each of the (3) pouches. Data Table: Substance 1 min. 2 min. 3 min. Graph Page 10 of 16 4 min. 5 min. Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Wrap-Up Questions: Heat Transfer through Absorption of Radiation Waves 1) What color material is the best absorber of heat? 2) Which material is the worst absorber of heat? WHY? Conduction Lab Conduction is the transfer of heat by touching. Vibrating (kinetic) molecules collide with stationary molecules and thus transfer energy through a chain reaction. Materials: 1 bunsen burner 4 Rods of different material (glass, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, brass) Procedure: 1) Place the end of one of the rods into the flame 2) After 1 minute, SLOWLY move your fingers down the rod towards the hot end (WARNING: these materials can become extremely hot and can burn you quickly. Use Extreme Caution) 3) Measure, (in cm.)how far the heat has advanced up the rod in 1 minutes time 4) Record the distances in the data table Page 11 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A 5) Repeat 1-3 again for a total of 4 minutes 6) Repeat 1-5 using (3) other rods of your choice. 7) Graph your results (Distance vs. Time) WARNING: If using glass, be extremely careful and SLOWLY proceed up the rod until it begins to feel warm. STOP there and record the distance in cm. Data Table: Substance 1 min. 2 min. 3 min. Graph Wrap-Up Questions: Conduction of Heat in Various Materials Page 12 of 16 4 min. Global Science Unit 4 Packet A 1) What material was the best conductor? 2) Which material is the worst conductor (the best insulator)? Climate Controls Use the maps with climate data comparing different factors that control climate at he website: http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/lutgens3/medialib/abcontrol/in dex.html Latitude: City Latitude (N,S) Temperature Range (high-low) Daylight Hours Range (high –low) Latitude Conclusion Statement: Based on my data the temperature ________________________ as latitude increases because there is _______________________ solar intensity. Land vs. Water: Part 1 City Latitude (N,S) Temperature Range (high-low) Surrounding Area (land or water?) Land vs Water Conclusion Statement: ______________________ has a greater temeperature range tham ________________ because _______________________________________________________. Page 13 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Part 2 We you play the animation traveling eastward across Europe, from Dublin to Samara. How do the temperature and precipitation patterns change along this transect? Geographic Position: City Longitude (E,W) Temperature Range (high-low) Major Rainfall Months? Geographic Position Conclusion Statement: ________________ has a maritime climate with most of its rainfall in the months of _____________ _____________________________________________. This is similar to our climate here in Clackamas because__________________________ ________________________________________________________. The reason Norfolk does not have a maritime climate is _______________ ________________________________________________________. Mountains- Temperature: City Elevation MaximumTemperature MinimumTemperature Range (high-low) Range (high-low) Mountains- Temperature Conclusion Statement: The higher the elevation the __________________ the temperature range. Mountains- Precipitation: City Longitude (E,W) Temperature Range (highlow) Page 14 of 16 Major Rainfall Months? Rainfall Range (high-low) Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Mountains- Precipitation Conclusion Statement: As you travel across Washington state and the Cascade Mountains the temperature range _____________________________________ and the rainfall ________ _________________________________________________________. Skip Oceans and move to the next slide. Pressure and Wind: Latitude Range Wind Name Resulting Precipitation Pressure and Wind Conclusion Statement: As you travel north or south from the Equator the season will change from ________________ to ______________ to _________________ to ______________ to ________________ to _______________. Putting it Together World Climographs (THIS WHERE YOU EARN YOUR POINTS!) Using the information provided and your conclusion statements identify the most likely cause of each city’s climate pattern for 5 cities of your choice on the globe. City Reason for Climate Page 15 of 16 Global Science Unit 4 Packet A Page 16 of 16