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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
INDEX
Page
A. PREFACE
B. SUMMARY
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2
1. DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF THE ALLIANCE
3
1.1 Introduction
3
1.2 Southeast Pacific Regional Alliance for Global Ocean Observing
System (GRASP)
1.2.1 The Mission
1.2.2 Objectives
1.2.3 The Principles
4
2. FUNDAMENTS TO FORMULATE THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE
ALLIANCE
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2.1 Ocean regional observation: application priorities in socioeconomic field of the parties
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2.2 Observing needs and scientific gaps in the Southeast Pacific
2.2.1 Early warning for natural events in the coastal strip
2.2.2 Understanding the large marine-coastal ecosystems
2.2.3 Understanding the ocean dynamic and its role in the climate
2.2.4 Oceanographic variability associated to the climate change
in the Region
2.2.5 Ocean-atmosphere in the Southeast Pacific in relation to
the ENOS
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11
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3. OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY
SOUTHEAST PACIFIC
REQUERIMENTS
IN
THE
3.1 An approach to the requirements of users
3.1.1 Key actors and stakeholders
3.1.2 The scientific community
3.1.3 Governments
3.2 Regional base and
meteorological data
management
of
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oceanographic
and
3.3 Design the system to information capturing of GRASP
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC OBSERVING
REGIONAL SYSTEM
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4.1 Component elements of GRASP
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4.2 Observing module
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4.3 Communication module
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
4.4 Data processing module
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4.5 Module of generation of operational products
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4.6 Information provision module
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4.7 Module of the regional oceanographic database
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4.8 Module of data Exchange
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5. TRAINING AND STRENGTHENING CAPACITIES
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5.1 Capacitation and training module
31
5.2 Scientific research module
36
5.3 Strengthening capacities module
5.3.1 Regional and national approach
5.3.2 Equipment and maintenance
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5.4 Module of international management and financing
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6. GRASP AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
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6.1 Interaction with GOOS
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6.2 Interaction with IODE – ODINCARSA
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6.3 Interaction with TEMA
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6.4 Interaction with JCOMM
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6.5 Interaction with GLOSS
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6.6 Interaction with GEOSS
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6.7 Interaction with VOCALS
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6.8 Interaction with ARGO
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6.9 Interaction with CLIVAR
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6.10 Other programs
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7. PLAN OF ACTION OF GRASP (2009-2010)
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7.1 Plan of Action (Prioritized temporary framework in which the Plan
will be broken down in tasks, goals and actions, with identification
of responsible for or interested in)
45
7.2 Funding
46
C. REFERENCES
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APENDIX I
Glossary
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
STRATEGIC PLAN OF GRASP
A. Preface
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
STRATEGIC PLAN PROPOSAL FOR THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC REGIONAL
ALLIANCE FOR OCEAN OBSERVING
(GRASP)
1. DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF THE ALLIANCE
1.1
Introduction
Oceans are the key component of the climate system, given that they modulate
the climate. They act as a sink or source of important gases of the greenhouse
effect (GHE) and play a fundamental role in the world hydrologic cycle.
Moreover, they have a socioeconomic importance due to the marine biological
resources they have which sustain the fisheries around the world.
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is jointly sponsored by the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), but it also counts with the scientific orientation of the
International Council for Science (ICSU).
In 1989, the GOOS was firstly imagined by the IOC and later ratified by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, it was officially
approved in March 1991 during the XVI Assembly of the IOC. In 1992, the
GOOS was ratified by the Conference in the United Nations Conference
Summit on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro which
recommended its creation in the Agenda 21, as a tool for the marine
environment management. .
It is under this context that GOOS is a permanent system for observation,
modeling and analysis of marine and ocean variables to support operational
oceanic services worldwide.
GOOS provides global data related to sea surface temperature, winds, waves,
salinity, sea level and surface flows, also, temperature and salinity in the upper
layers of the ocean, surface and subsurface currents, the extension of the
marine ice (thickness and coverage area), full profiles in depth on the physicalchemical properties of seawater (including traces) and pressure depth.
Moreover, critical data such as altimetry and ocean surface winds are collected
by space-based systems.
The direct beneficiaries of services provided by GOOS are coast, ports and bay
authorities, harbor-work engineers, fishing, aquaculture, navigation, maritime
routes, subsea gas and oil industry, cable and pipe laying, recreation and
tourism. On the other hand, the indirect beneficiaries are the meteorological
and climate forecast users, such as for the agriculture, energy, freshwater and
public health sector. Given the fact that the ocean processes respect or
recognize no border, GOOS is supported by research cooperation programs at
local, regional and global level. This achieves useful products within a
reasonable timeframe, which are constantly improved in form, geographic
coverage and value.
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
The implementation of said products depends on the exploitation of the existing
level of scientific knowledge and on the coordination of the entities that carry out
the research at operational level.
It is in this context that on May 31st, 2003, in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia,
representatives from the main Research Institutions of the Region’s countries,
signed a Letter of Intent to promote the Operational Oceanography in the
Southeastern Pacific by establishing the Global Ocean Observing System
Regional Alliance for the Southeast Pacific, GRASP).
The aforementioned letter was officially delivered to the IOC during the XXII
General Assembly held in Paris, France in June 2003. Then, in October 2005,
the formalization of said Alliance took place at the “High Level Meeting for
Strengthening the GRASP”, from then on, GRASP was constituted within the
integrated observing and surveillance ocean system for the South American
coast and is part of the Regional GOOS.
1.2
Global Ocean Observing System
Pacific (GRASP)
Regional Alliance for the Southeast
1.2.1 The Mission
The mission of the Global Ocean Observing System Regional Alliance for the
Southeast Pacific (GRASP) is to develop activities to promote the operational
oceanography in the South Eastern Pacific region, using a regional network to
acquire, integrate and distribute systematic oceanic observations and to
generate analysis, forecasts and other useful products for governments,
industry, science and general public.
Furthermore, GRASP will evaluate potential economical and social benefits
generated by the operational oceanography and it will cooperate with the
organizations involved in the assessment of the marine environment and the
impact of climate variability and climate change.
1.2.2 Objectives
-
To develop activities to boost operational oceanography as the basis for
existing programs and infrastructure in the Southeastern Pacific.
-
To coordinate the GOOS activities and ensure their integration with
other world observation and marine environmental strategies.
-
To keep an observing database to meet all the world and regional
community requirement of users of the marine environment and oceanic
knowledge.
-
To facilitate means by which the region’s countries can increase their
capacity to acquire and used marine data according to the GOOS
principles.
To develop and implement a coordinated strategy for the gathering,
acquisition and exchange of data among the Region’s countries.
-
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
-
To facilitate the use of products and services developed upon regional
data and widen their application in the use and protection of the marine
environment.
-
To promote capacity-building and sharing knowledge among the
members of the Alliance.
1.2.3 The Principles
The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) establishes principles related to
design the program and participation; therefore, GRASP shall adopt both
principles as follows:
Principles related to the program Design:
-
GOOS is based on a plan designed to meet defined objectives
according to user needs.
The design assumed that contributions to GOOS are long term and
systematic.
The design will be reviewed annually.
The design allows for flexibility of technique.
GOOS aims towards world problems and those omnipresent problems
which can find solutions in global observing systems.
The design covers the range from data capture to service delivery and
end products.
The management, processing and distribution of data will follow a
specified data policy.
The design takes into account the existence of systems others than
GOOS that can contribute to and/or benefit from GOOS.
The design takes into account quality assurance procedures.
Principles related to Participation:
-
Contributions to GOOS shall be compliant with the plans developed and
approved on the basis of the above Design Principles.
Contributions shall be compliant with a defined GOOS data policy.
Contributions should reflect the intent for sustained observations.
Contributions to GOOS shall respect standards of quality.
Implementation shall be carried out using existing national and
international systems and organization where appropriate.
Implementation shall be incremental ad progressive, while always
bearing in mind the long term goals.
Participation in GOOS implies a commitment to help less-developed
countries to participate and to obtain benefits.
Participants will have full autonomy in the management of their
contributions.
Contributing countries and organizations will reserve the right to
determine and limit their contributions to GOOS.
Use of GOOSE “label” implies conformity with the respective principles
of GOOS.
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
2. GROUNDS TO FORMULATE A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR ALLIANCE
2.1
The ocean regional observation: priorities of application on the parties
socio-economic aspect.
Natural Disasters are a threat for sustainable development and along their cycle
they are an imminent social connotation. According to Geo Risk Research,
2005, it has become evident that over the last 50 years there has been an
increment in disasters, deaths and an economic loss increase. Disasters
classified by threats suggest a high frequency and economic impact in relation
to hydro-meteorological events. However, the events from seismic origin such
as tsunamis, eruptions and earthquakes represent the greatest life loss (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
In this same context, flood and draughts at worldwide level make evident an
exponential increment throughout the years, which could reflect the occurrence
of two processes. On one hand, the increasing climate variability in the planet
and on the other, an increment in the vulnerability associated to the increase in
population and development (Fig. 2).
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Fig. 2
The burden of natural disasters in the countries cannot be quantified by the total
amount of losses, but rather by the percentage of such losses in the Gross
Domestic Product. (Fig. 3) shows that contrast for the year 2006 (CRED, 2007).
Fig. 3
To analyze a probable regional system of early warning for marine-coastal
threats in the Southeast Pacific region, it must be established what are the
essential components and what threats are the most likely to be attended by the
system.
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
From the methodological point of view and the guidelines of the International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) concerning the early warning systems,
different climate information can be implemented at regional level with the
following components:
1)
A forecast module of the threat that implies an observation, processing
and scientific knowledge system to contribute in its modeling and if
possible, to predict future behavior.
2)
Generation of risk scenarios with the possibility to solve the dynamic and
changes inherent to vulnerability. These scenarios are sectoral by the
definition on the own risk which in essence is differentiated and specific
for each threat. A regional system must be focused on the mapping of
the risk in the developing area, those that move the economy and have
a deep social impact in the countries of the region.
3)
Optimization of data systems that allow transferring the threat forecast
and the probable scenarios to all social actors, so that they guarantee a
response, reaction or decision before the early warning.
4)
An open line of communication with all governmental sectors at national
or local level, so that they move forward the response to the early
warning, otherwise, the system is just not activated or it does not even
exist.
The diagram is shown in Figure 4.
The most likely threats in the Southeast Pacific Ocean are:







Tsunamis.
El Niño/La Niña
Extreme climate events
Accelerated sea-level rise
Coastal degradation
Marine pollution
Ecosystem alteration
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Amenazas
Fig. 4
In order to achieve a suitable, coherent and effective system of early warning
within a national diagram of risk management, in general terms (Fig. 5), a
positive response from the Government must be generated, which at the same
time must become a political instrument, no circumstantial, but in the long term
and taking into account what follows:
•
•
•
•
•
Risk transfer mechanisms.
Sectoral planning including disaster risks.
Territorial ordering.
Decentralization.
Strengthening of local capacity, among others.
Currently, given the technological advances and the global observing expansion
through remote sensors, as well as, of ARGO (A Global Array of Profiling Floats
Projects), the observation in the region is fairly covered. In the Southeast
Pacific there are observing systems, especially coastal ones but for now, they
have not been integrated in the regional products.
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Fig. 5
2.2
Observing requirements and scientific gaps in the Southeast Pacific
2.2.1 Early warning for natural events at the coastal strip
One of the most important scientific gaps in the region is the predictability in the
area of El NIÑO 1+2, which is mostly associated to the limitations in oceanatmosphere modeling at regional and local scale. There is not enough
understanding about inter-annual, seasonal and inter-seasonal variability that
regulates this area; consequently, early warning for the coastal strip is based on
empirical and previous experiences. Modeling at regional scale requires a data
assimilation system which implies the exploitation of data in real time coming
from the NAYLAMP Systems in Peru, Spondylus in Ecuador, as well as buoys
moored in Chile, Colombia and Peru.
The configuration of the early warning system begins from a minimum effort of
integrated observation through the previously described systems; its
strengthening and integration of data for assimilation in regional models to allow
the forecast and appropriate provision of oceanic forecast in the short, medium
and long term applied to the coastal strip and marine climate.
2.2.2 Understanding the large marine-coastal ecosystems
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Understanding the dynamic of the Humboldt ecosystem and the adjacent
marine-coastal ecosystems in the region is one of the most pressing needs in
the medium term. Although, over the last years a remarkable progress has
been generated in understanding the oceanic processes from an ecosystemic
approach, such approximation is too asymmetric in the region and for now, it
has no regional perspective.
The limited understanding of ecosystems at present, it is day by day becoming
more restrictive to foresee their evolution before new climate drivers, for
example, global warming and even worse, regional and national strategies to
adapt to this effect. The observing systems must integrate physical, chemical
and biological information, both in oceanic areas as well as coastal-marine,
allowing a real understanding of their dynamic and modeling.
Gaps in this matter raise the following scientific questions:
Do we know enough about the present coastal degradation processes and
pollution in the region as to recommend actions to revert them?
Do we understand enough the marine-coastal ecosystems as to intervene in
their future evolution?
2.2.3 Understanding the ocean dynamic and the role it plays in the climate.
The much localized efforts in knowledge of the ocean dynamic in the region
means that the existing capacity to forecast the surface and subsurface
temperature of the Southeast Pacific is limited, as evidenced by El Niño since
97-97. The little known correlation between the processes associated to the
ENOS (El Niño and the Southern Oscillation) and what happens in the region of
the NIÑO 1+2 in the overall coastal zone of the Southeast Pacific, increments
even more the need to unify the scientific efforts based on ocean observation
and modeling to better solve the ocean-atmosphere interaction at regional and
national scale. Therefore, the systemic combination of ocean observations and
meteorological stations for assimilation in reduced scale models- derived from
global circulation models- are the pending task in the region.
As long as this is not carried out, the capacity of predicting the climate in the
region will be very limited and it will not be possible to contribute in a true
reduction of socio-economic impacts derived from the climate action. The
scientific gaps in these matters raise the following scientific questions:
Do we understand the true physical processes that currently rule the
atmospheric and oceanic circulation at regional scale?
Do we understand the ocean-atmosphere interaction well enough as to improve
the climate forecast in the region?
2.2.4
Oceanographic variability associated to climate change in the Region?
According to the latest report of the IPCC in 2007, (Figs. 6, 7 and 8), the ocean
affectation will be reflected in several aspects: increase in sea temperature,
acidification of the oceans, accelerated sea-level rise and alteration of the
ecosystems. These global scenarios have not been validated at regional scale.
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Consequently, there are very few scientific answers in this matter that can be
currently provided to the region’s governments. Ocean observing at regional
level becomes an inexorable step for the region, in order to monitoring the
oceanographic variability associated to climate change and its effect on the
ecosystems, as well as, the sea-level rise by monitoring and processing
regionally standardized which allows an approximation in that spatial scale to
mitigation and adaptation.
Fig. 6
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
The specific impacts estimated in the ocean are described below (IPCC, 2007)
•
Marine warming
- Since the 60’s in the XX century, the surface temperature
increase in an almost 1.5º C in the
- Warming at a depth of 3,000 m
•
Acidification of surface waters
– Increment of pH from 8.2 to 8.1 over the last 50 years.
•
The average sea-level rise
– Rise 19.5 cm since 1870
•
Increase of extreme meteorological manifestations
– Alteration of coast morphology by erosion and floods
– Salinitization of lowlands
– Negative impact on biodiversity
•
Species displacement
- Modification of the species natural habitat
- Displacement from the species distribution areas
- Decrease in marine biodiversity
•
Multiple effects
- Eutrophication increase
- Coral bleaching
- Mangrove deterioration
•
Pressures coalition on the marine environment
- Pollution
- Overexploitation of fishing
- Uncontrolled increase of urban and/or residential zones.
Opportunities to face climate change are:
•
•
Adaptation – To generate strategies to face the level increase in
temperature, sea-level, emission of greenhouse gases.
•
Mitigation – To implement policies for emission reduction and
undertake quantitative goals thereof, including economic instruments.
•
Innovation – Scientific, financial and social, to revert current tendencies
within the adaptation and mitigation fields.
•
Regulation – To use the function of the State and intervention in the
market to make transparent the costs and damages.
Scale of projects – To emphasize the local and regional actions anchored in
communities, assuring its sustainability by the participation of direct social and
economic actors without neglecting the global and national measures or macroeconomic or social ones.
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
•
In this sense, the scientific questions are:
Can we establish regional scenarios of climate change and consequently, of the
sea-level rise?
•
Can we establish regional scenarios on the marine ecosystems evolution and
their impact in fisheries taking into account the climate change influence?
2.2.5 Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the Southeast Pacific in relation to
ENOS
•
El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENOS) is an alteration of the oceanatmosphere overlapping system of the Equatorial Pacific. It is a recurrent event
with irregular periods that last between 3 to 7 years. It is characterized by a
steady warming in the sea of Equatorial zone, which alters the atmospheric
circulation on the whole Pacific. It modifies the intensity and direction of winds,
at the surface as well as in the high atmosphere and altering the climate
patterns in the whole Pacific basin. Besides, it generates remote impacts
referred as teleconnections on other areas of the planet.
The definition of El Niño is a motive for great debates nowadays, since the
countries like United States adopted what is called “operational definition” from
the ENOS. This definition used since 200 by the NOAA1, transcends the
scientific or academic concept of ENOS, to detach a definition which for the
United States and other regions such as the Caribbean and Central America,
have been effective to take decisions regarding planning, prevention and impact
mitigation. NOAA is the most influential organism in the region, then this
definition has generated more than one problem in the Andes region, taking into
account that it was conceived in terms of impact for other latitudes,
nevertheless, it has been many times taken into account to evaluate the ENOS
in South America.
After the event of El Niño 1997-1998, the scientific literature about ENOS was
enriched at unprecedented levels. This climatic episode, given its extraordinary
intensity and terrible impacts worldwide, allowed among other things, draw a
classical pattern of impacts worldwide, which as of to date was successfully
validated. However, since 1998 as of today, the Pacific Ocean-according to
many authors- has entered into a new phase of a climatic variability process at
decadal2 scale. Although, there is nothing conclusive, the latest scientific
analysis suggests that the Pacific Ocean was entering since 1990 into the
negative phase of the PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), and that one of the
probable impacts of this new phase could be the intensity and frequency
reduction of warm events known as El Niño and amplify the intensity of cold
events know as La Niña3 .
1
National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (USA).
Barnett, T. et al, P., D. W. Pierce, M. Latif, D. Dommenget, and R. Saravanan. 1999.
Interdecadal interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes in the Pacific basin. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 26: 615-618.
3 Gershunov, A. and T. P. Barnett. Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. Bull.
Amer. Meteor. Soc. 79: 2715-2725.
2
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
This new hypothesis has been consolidated after several evidences came to
the light: the teleconnection patterns or typical impacts of ENOS, previously
stated, have been erratic and not congruent with the warm episodes after 19971998. In the Southeast Pacific, cold conditions have prevailed and the events
El Niño or close to a Niño have been nothing but weak events.
The contradictions between global predictions, from international centers such
as NOAA and expected local impacts, make evident the problematic of the
definition from ENOS in the world. In this sense, at the Andean level, scientists
have assimilated the lesson and today they conduct a more independent
analysis process, with greater diversification in information sources, more global
models, reducing the dependency on opinions from other international entities
for local predictions.
The large volume of scientific information, observing in real time, it has been
added to local capacity and the empirical experience from the region’s experts
to carry out a much more focused diagnostic on the impacts of the countries,
which definitely, it is a progress in the Andean countries, particularly Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru and Chile. However, it is worth mentioning that in terms of local
forecast, the development of modeling in the region is still incipient.
The international scientific community has achieved immense advances in
reference to forecasting the ENOS at global level, leaving behind the scientific
interest in improving the predictability of El NIÑO 1+2 and the behavior
associated to SST in the East Pacific. It is imperative to define an index or
diagram that allows predicting the influence of ENOS in the region and to avoid
the dependency on global warnings of ENOS based on the predictions of EL
NIÑO 3.4. In this sense, using historical data and data obtained in an
operational form, will enable to really compensate the existing gap.
The scientific question in this matter is:
Can we establish a regional index representing well enough at sub-regional
and regional scale the effects derived from ENOS?
1. OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY REQUERIMENTS IN THE SOUTHEAST
PACIFIC
3.1
An approach to the users’ needs.
3.1.1 Key actors and stakeholders
Currently, forecast the effects of ENOS in the SEP are derived from analysis
based on the utilization of some models, mainly with local characteristics, on
data generated from different institutions in the region, on the results from
graphics and models made by international organisms in countries such as the
United States, Japan, and the European Union among others. Also, it is based
on the experience of the region’s professionals who are working on a
conceptual model while taking into account all available information and
previously enunciated to carry out the forecast. However, there is not a
regional dynamic model yet with all the latest scientific advances on ocean
atmosphere interaction, allowing parameterizations and with a diagram of data
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
assimilation to be improved in time, to translate it into an object forecast of the
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and its effect o the region’s climate.
Despite the achieved advances, there is a dissimilitude of opinions when it
comes to talk about ENOS which mainly come from agents outside the State;
creating doubts in the eyes of the governmental stakeholders (sometimes the
opinions of the official entities not taken into account as in the case of
ENFEN(National Study of the ENFO) of each country, and they come along
with non-official opinions that are published in different press means, even with
agencies coming from other regions) as well as in the eyes of the common
citizen.
We add to this factor, the information systems to timely deliver the information
to key actors and decisiontakers. GRASP must include within its strategy the
right linking between the information producers and the users.
In this sense, several institutions can be identified in different countries of the
region. They can deliver, within the GRASP, the spreading and dissemination
system of operational products through its infrastructure and contact network in
the whole region.
The currently information diagram used by the International Research Center
on El Niño (CIIFEN) can also be used by the GRASP. Figure 9
Fig. 9
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
3.1.2 The scientific community
Over the past years, the region has been better synchronized with operational
institutions or agencies and with the academic sector. However, in some cases,
it does not present a great academic demand mainly due to the absence of
researchers or scientists interested in ocean-atmosphere subjects.
In other cases, there is a demand but with a difficult or troublesome Access to
data required by the scientists of universities, subsequently, the demand as well
as the research, decrease.
GRASP could become the bridge between both sectors through a suitable
articulation of data between the access to database and the corresponding
scientific counterpart from universities in which the operational institutions take
part in the research teams and publications.
The sole structuring of the database of GRASP could become a very powerful
negotiation tool to motivate scientific production under guidelines previously
exposed in this Strategic Plan.
The contribution of universities within the GRASP are directly related to the
scientific production effort, as the reference literature and the access to
advanced networks such as CLARA, EELA and others, so that, the benefits
can be shared with operational entities.
The role played by the universities could be embodied within GRASP by
undertaking part of the scientific lines of action which will be proposed in the
last Chapter of this Plan.
To create instances of financing research projects so that researches from
universities and research centers will be interested in taking part.
3.1.3 Governments
Although, it is not a general rule in the region, Governments are becoming more
demanding about good quality information to take decisions. Science and
technology have advanced enough to provide better quality responses to
governments but the region’s capacity has not advanced in the same rhythm.
Facing more complex problems, the region’s institutions must unify efforts and
share capacities to deliver better products and optimize costs on the basis of a
cooperation scheme, as the one that the GRASP can provide.
In the proposed information system, reaching the Government is done by
expedite means which guarantee the timely arrival of information. The
experience shows that the formal and official channels are not compatible with
the operational speed of GRASP, which must have by definition and it is
prescribed in the principles of GOOS. The information for governments must be
the motive for a whole sub-system of information provision including senior at
middle-management level, operational management and of course, the top
highest authorities. For this purpose, the distribution protocol shall be as flexible
as possible, as far as the product quality control is guaranteed by the
institutions of GRASP which will be a shared task.
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
The identification of contacts within the Governments is established in the
mapping of actors with the capacity of motivating an effective response at the
highest level, with no need to have the message delivered at such level from
the beginning. This distribution network involves local authorities, government
departments (ministries), planning offices, civil defense among others.
3.2
Regional base and meteorological and oceanic management.
The institutions members of GRASP benefit directly from a very strong
process of strengthening capacities, implemented by ODINCARSA / IODE
(Data and Information Network for the Caribbean and South America/
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange)
www.odincarsa.org, as part of one of the most successful efforts of the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in the SEP. This process must
be seen reflected on the generation of products, but previously, it must be
constituted what can be classified as the core of the GRASP, the regional
database which is the module that really articulates the capturing of data in an
operational manner; operational must be understood as the real time in the
most advanced state of the system, but begging at a less complicated
diagram, first like the differed time and almost real time. Said database would
be in the core of the Permanent Commission for South Pacific (CPPS).
The proposed product generation system which is part of the action of
ODINCARSA for the 2008-2011 period can be identified in Figure 10.
Fig. 10
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Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
The identification of contacts within the Governments is established in the
mapping of actors with the capacity of motivating an effective response at the
highest level, with no need to have the message delivered at such level from
the beginning. This distribution network involves local authorities, government
departments (ministries), planning offices, civil defense among others.
Datos diarios,
estaciones costeras
(TSM, salinidad,
oxígeno, clorofila y
viento)
Datos diarios,
estaciones costeras del
NMM
Figure 11
The regional database of GRASP would be gradually consolidated, starting
with the most basic and accessible information.
The following information sources were taken into consideration for this
diagram:
1)
Data coming from regional cruisers.
2)
Data from the stations 10 miles off the coast.
3)
Oceanographic and meteorological data collected from coastal
stations.
4)
Data from ocean buoys.
5)
Data from extra regional sources such as ARGO, NCEP, WCD,
CORIOLIS, among others.
6)
Data collected from other research centers and institutions that
can contribute in the generation of operational products.
7)
Data from re-analysis, e.g. ERA 40 from the ECMWF, among
others.
19
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Taking into account the scientific gaps in the region, as well as the socioeconomic priorities in the region, the formulated priority areas of GRASP are
indicated in Figure 12.
Fig. 12
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC OBSERVIG REGIONAL
SYSTEM
4.1 Component elements of GRASP
The Alliance must have the following basic components.
-
Observation Module.
Communications Module.
Data processing Module.
Operational products generation Module.
Information provision Module.
Regional base Module of oceanographic data.
Data Exchange Module
4.2 Observation Module
20
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Observation Module is shown in Figure 13
Fig. 13
The components of the system are:
-
Oceanographic buoys from the 4 countries.
Dart buoys (detection of tsunamis)
The network of stations 10 miles off the coast.
The network of coastal stations.
The network of tide recorder.
Oceanographic cruises.
Data collected from ARGO.
Data collected from satellite and from free
4.3 Communication Module
The different entities will manage their own usual systems of telemetry to
capture data, making sure that they will be transmitted via internet to the
database module on a weekly, two weeks and monthly basis according to the
parameters. In regards to transmission expeditiousness, the institutions related
to the observation system can designate a space within its servers to put the
routine information, which would be automatically extracted by the database
module and this information entered into the database, under the assumption
21
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
that it already passed the control of quality. The National Oceanographic Data
Center (NODC) will establish the respective protocols for said communication.
The communication diagram is in Figure 14.
Fig. 14
4.4 Data processing module
The NODCs will coordinate the data processing system and will design also the
routines that allow a prompt graphication and labeling. The responsibility of data
processing will be rotative and the NODC in charge will be responsible for
maximum systematization of compiled data and generation of products.
However, there is a possibility that each NODC undertakes the responsibility for
the integral process of data processing for each product.
4.5 Module of generation of operational products
In addition to the products currently provided by each institution from the
countries of the CPPS to the Web page of GRASP and others that are being
22
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
design for larger generation of operational products, the participation of other
institutions of the region is suggested as well as the generation of more and
better products oriented to general public. In Figures 15 and 16, some products
generated with satellite data available at the Web are attached, they have been
very useful in the region. These products could be complemented and
strengthened with products at coastal level. The generation of products and its
distribution would be subjected to review by the operational responsible of
GRASP, a brief technical discussion until a consensus is reached and then, its
immediate release via Web and regional distribution.
Fig.15
23
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Fig. 16
On the other hand, it must be highlighted that the regional modeling capacity
that is being developed by several institutions of the region and that can be at
the service of the GRASP in a few months would enable an ocean condition
forecast diagram and providing services of oceanic forecast. In order to do this,
the data assimilation module is been worked out in the ocean buoys and in the
10 miles off the coast stations so that they can play a fundamental role and
serve as the engine for the functioning of GRASP.
4.6 Module of information provision
GRASP will have in a rotative manner a NODC responsible for the Web page
and on the other hand, another institution will be in charge of managing the data
base of contacts of users of GRASP which must originally be provided by each
entity that is member of the Alliance.
The chairman of GRASP, in coordination with the NODC in charge of the Web
page, would coordinate the procedures provision and distribution via the Web of
GRASP and of all the entities that are member.
At the same time, universities and non-operational members of GRASP will
contribute providing the information in each country and obtaining new contacts
for the database.
The information provision module is shown in Figure 9.
24
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
4.7 Module of the regional oceanographic database
It will be undertaken in a rotative manner by a NODC and the design will be
coordinated by the head of the centers of data of the entities member of the
Alliance. The standards will be stipulated by the IOC/IODE. The regional
database will be restricted for free exchange only among the members
contributing with data in the GRASP. However, the products will be provisionfree.
A suggested diagram for the regional database is shown in Figure 17.
Fig. 17
4.8 Module of data exchange
The NODC in charge of the data base will keep a systematic log of the access
to the database and will guarantee the security thereof. The accesses to the
database will be monitored and the extraction of data shall be dully approved by
the NODC in charge. Exchanging data will be free among the operational
entities of GRASP.
4.
TRAINING AND STRENGTHENING OF CAPACITIES
Taking into account the efforts made at regional level over the past decades,
which are especially guided towards the assessment and understanding of the
El Niño Phenomenon, a positive advance has been reached in regards to
country members of the CPPS strengthening their capacities, both in
25
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
oceanography as well as in meteorology. Furthermore, the region counts with
important contributions obtained through the research related to Action Plan for
the Marine Environment Protection.
The observation and research programs on diverse branches of oceanography
and meteorology undoubtedly require a support in reference to capacities and
human resources to enable a proper articulation and integration system in the
region. Even though, reaching this level is not easy, it is important to recognize
the advances made in strengthening the capacities and training and forming
human resources that have the country members of the CPPS have.
Achieving the current integration has not been easy, the forwarded activities for
decades that were guided towards understanding ad assessing the El Niño
Phenomenon, allowed advancing in research subjects and generated an
interaction among country members. It has benefited the articulation and
actions to bring into line processes in order to optimize the results. In a less
integral manner, there have been advances in studies related to research
conducted to evaluate the tsunami phenomenon, which has become relevant
over the past few years, due to the devastating events that have taken place.
It is clear that the seismic activity manifested in the zone of the Pacific Ring of
Fire, with the obvious risks for the coastal population of the region and that can
unchain tsunami events, it has generated an increasing interest in strengthening
the capacities at local, regional and international level, with the tendency to
generate an activation of efficient warning systems that communicate people in
a timely manner those events with a potential risk to prevent disasters like the
one occurred in Indonesia in December, 2004, which will be remembered not
only for the magnitude but for the destruction that left on its path and the
thousands of lived lost in such a short period of time. The affectation was
incremented due to the lack of a communication mechanism to warn the coastal
population.
The country members of the CPPS have skilled human resources, a proper
infrastructure to develop regional research projects like the Regional Study of El
Niño (ERFEN), and it has advances in acquisition of equipment. However, it
cannot be deny that it requires additional investment to integrate a proper
observation system to optimize the observation and surveillance work that
carries out in the Pacific basin, and that had to come in line for optimal
understanding and interpretation of results.
It is worthwhile mentioning that in training, the region has received a significant
contribution from the COI/IOD via the ODINCARSA network. Some of the
provided training is mentioned below:
Combined Modeling and Data Management
Training Workshop (Jamboree-I)
DBCP Training course
E-repository Training Course
I ODINCARSA Data Management Training
course
27 OCT 05
02 SEP 05
11 JUN 07
23 ABR 07
20 MAY 02
15 JUN 07
28 ABR 07
30 MAY 02
26
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
I
ODINCARSA
Marine
Information
Management Training course
II ODINCARSA DATA MANAGEMENT Training
course
IODE/MarBEF Biodiversity Data Management
Course
JCOMM/IODE/GOOS Combined Modeling and
Data
Management
Training
Workshop
(Jamboree-II)
JOINT IODE/IOI TRAINING COURSE ON
REMOTE SENSING & GIS
MarBEF/IODE/VLIZ Training Course on Marine
Biodiversity Data Management
ODINCARSA Marine Information Management
Training Course
ODINCARSA Ocean Data Management
Training Course
Young Scientists Training course
29 SEP 02
04 OCT 02
13 OCT 03
17 OCT 03
19 MAR 07
23 MAR 07
06 OCT 06
14 OCT 06
18 SEP 06
23 SEP 06
06 MAR 06
11 MAR 06
09 NOV 05
19 NOV 05
21 NOV 05
26 NOV 06
04 JUN 07
09 JUN 07
Likewise, it must be highlighted that several important courses over the past
years were organized by other organizations such as the OMM, el CIIFEN and
the CPPS, in the South American region and specifically, in the Southeast
Pacific.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
5.1
Training workshop in climate application in Agriculture. (WMO-CIIFEN,
2003).
Training workshop in Data Rescuing (WMO-CIIFEN, 2003).
International Workshop in Dynamic Modeling for the Southeast Pacific
co-organized by CIIFEN-IAI-EPCOR-COI. (2004)
Workshop in indexes and indicators of Climate Change (CIIFEN, 2005).
Training workshop in Applications and Services of Climatic forecast and
information OMM-CIIFEN, 2005.
Training workshop in climatic application in health. (WMO-CIIFEN,
2005).
Training workshop in Modeling Climatic Statistics-Forums of the West of
South America (CIIFEN-WMO, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007).
Training course of software Climate Predictability Tools, carried out at
the International Research Institute, Nueva York, 2007 (CPPS-WMO)
Training workshop in Statistics Modeling (CIIFEN, 2007)
Training workshop in Dynamic Modeling I (CIIFEN, 2007)
Training workshop Advanced Numeric Modeling for Weather, Climate
and Ocean Forecasting (CIIFEN, 2008)
Module of training and capacitation
To implement surveillance mechanisms no only requires financing, new
technologies and infrastructure, but also with a trained human resource,
because it depends on this the success in carrying out the programs.
The scientific technical capacity of the institutions members of the GRASP is
very asymmetric. Actually, there is a tendency for skilled human resources
27
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
leaving the institutions this does not mean that they are eventually replaced by
new scientist or technicians. At present, the training component is critical and it
must be carefully considered by many countries of the GRASP.
Although, the region has training formation center of excellence, it does not
necessarily means that the operational entities have that human resource.
Despite the excellent formation provided a difficulty rises in regards to the little
offer of postgraduate and technical programs.
Even though, postgraduate studies are a limiting factor, it is evident that this
problematic is associated to the difficulties presented in the region for lacking an
appropriate research development. This deficiency is basically associated to the
limiting availability of resources for training, same as in the research programs.
It is clear that the continuity in programs or lines of research is the mechanism
to allow professionals the opportunity to become experts interested in
strengthening their knowledge, that with the support of established programs
they can apply to postgraduate studies through scholarships, taking into
account that this grants the return to research centers and, consequently, to
consolidate it.
The technical programs make evident the shortcomings on specialized training
for technical support which is required for equipment maintenance and
sometimes, in managing and proper interpreting of data. It is must be said that
in all academic levels is important to emphasize model elaboration, in order to
obtain a greater benefit from the information.
To establish regional alliances allowing the optimization of resources through
the development of joint activities such as programming courses to help
meeting these needs; getting all the countries involved to align the techniques
and methodologies to achieve a better articulation of management and
interpretation of results. This would strength the technical and operative
capacities in the region.
The academic programs offered by the science faculties and that are related to
oceanography ad meteorology make evident the most of them cover the
formation in biologic oceanography, which at the same time requires an
improvement in articulating with the other branches of the oceanography
(physics, geology and chemistry), with the purpose to generate useful
information to develop fishing programs, through sustainable management
programs to protect the hydrobiologic resources that not only suffer from
consequences from alterations caused by natural phenomena but they face the
excesses related to pressure associated to overfishing and to polluters
generated by several anthropic activities.
Technical programs are scarce but as it was previously mentioned, they are
good quality, though it requires specialized training, specifically in subjects like
equipment maintenance, data capturing with state of the art technology and
proper processing of information because the studies reliability depends on
such activities.
The formation schools of the Army in each country train both, professionals and
technicians in oceanography, hydrography and meteorology which is a very
28
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
important contribution (in regards to human resources) ad compensates the
shortcoming in this area of knowledge. In this formation processes personnel
Exchange can be made, in order to integrate and consolidate the relationship
between countries of the region, which at the same time, allows a feedback on
how to address determined subjects and situations; thus, contributing to build
regional capacities by exchanging experiences. This is not enough to face the
scientific challenges in the region.
Currently, the training programs include the use of tools such as Internet ad
advanced networks like CLARA. This allows the access to information and an
efficient exchange of data which is an important instrument in the articulation
processes required at regional level. In table 1, the potential training centers in
the region’s countries is presented.
The training centers together with scientific institutions must become
consolidated in the interaction they have been boosting, since it is a
tremendous strength in human resource formation. This becomes evident if the
academy and the research centers have a high level of knowledge and study,
which are fundamental for diverse thematic and research lines, among which
marine subjects are obviously included.
Table 1. Training Programs in Sea Sciences offered by education programs of
the country members of the CPPS.
ENTITY
PROGRAM
Escuela Naval Almirante Padilla
Colombia*
Escuela Naval de Suboficiales
ARC Barranquilla
Universidad de Antioquia
Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano
Universidad del Magdalena
Universidad
Javerina
–
Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano
Universidad Nacional – *Instituto
de Investigaciones Marinas Benito
Vives de Andrés – INVEMAR
Universidad EAFIT
Universidad del Valle
Biology (Emphasis Marine)
Universidad de Concepción
Chile
Servicio
Hidrográfico
Oceanográfico de la Armada
y
Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
Universidad de Valparaíso
Universidad Austral
Universidad Católica del Norte
Universidad Andrés Bello
Universidad
Católica
de
Santísima Concepción
Physical Oceanography
Oceanography
Hydrography
Physical Oceanography
Ecology in coastal zones
Marine Biology
Fishing Engineer
Coastal Integrated Management
Aquaculture and Ecology Aquatic Tropical
Sustainable
Development
–
Coastal
Management Emphasis
Meteorology
*Biology (In line with Marine Biology
Research )
Earth Science – Emphasis on Marine
Geology
la
Marine Biology
Sciences – Mention in Oceanography
Sciences – Mention in Fisheries
Geophysics – Mention in Meteorology
Hydrography and Navigation for Officers,
Rank A
ACADEMIC LEVEL
Undergraduate
Master
Technical
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Master
Master
Specialization and Master
Master and PhD
Master
Undergraduate,
PhD
Undergraduate
Master and PhD
Master
Undergraduate
Master
and
Undergraduate
Mechanic Hydrographer and Oceanographist
for Sea People
Oceanography
Fishing Engineer
Meteorology
Marine Biology
Marine Biology
Sea Sciences
Marine Biology
Specialization
Science – Mention in Marine Biology
Bachelor
Undergraduate, Master,
Undergraduate, Master,
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Master
Undergraduate
29
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Universidad de Magallanes
Universidad de los Lagos
Universidad Arturo Prat
Universidad de Chile
Geofísica)
(Dpto.
Perú
Ecuador
INOCAR –Escuela de Hidrografía
Escuela Superior Politécnica del
Litoral – ESPOL
Universidad Laica “Eloy Alfaro”
Universidad Estatal Península de
Santa Elena
Universidad Nacional Federico
Villareal
Universidad Nacional de Tumbes
Universidad
Nacional
José
Faustino Sánchez Carrión
Universidad del Callao
Universidad Nacional Agraria “La
Molina”
Universidad Científica del sur
Sea Sciences
Marine Biology
Marine Biology
Bachelor
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Marine Biology
Climatology and Applied Meth.
Undergraduate
Master
Navy Sciences with mention in Hydrography
Oceanography and Environment Sciences
Marine Biology
Fishing resources management
Marine Aquaculture
Fisheries
Fishing Biology
Navy Technologist
Bachelor
Specialization
Master
Master
Technology
Undergraduate
Marine Biology
Tecnología y Undergraduate
Fishing Engineer
Fishing Engineer aquaculture
Fishing Engineer
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Undergraduate
Fishing Engineer
Undergraduate
Fishing Engineer
Fishing Management
Undergraduate
Master
Applied Meteorology
Master
Marine Biology and ecobusiness
Undergraduate
*The universities Nacional, de Antioquia y del Magdalena upon agreement with the
Universidad de Cádiz (Spain), programmed the incorporation of the Master Program
and in the next few years the PhD in Sea Sciences.
*INVEMAR, associated with national universities and COLCIENCIAS will also offer a
PhD program in Sea Sciences.
As for internship and training programs at postgraduate level, the Strategic
Action Plan of the ERFEN Program (2006 – 2010) are considered in subjects
related to the fields of action, same as the training in disciplines that are part of
the program. These training and capacitation programs require resources
obtained through cooperation (international alike entities) and from researchers
exchange. The Plan of Action itself involves making a regional capacitation
and/or training plan by the Scientific Secretary of the CPPS 2006-2010) that
includes several subjects.
Likewise, the creation of financing mechanism for research projects must be
granted, so that researchers from universities and research centers get
interested in exploiting the data obtained in the operational network.
30
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Table 2. Regional training and/or capacitation plan..
CAPACITATIÓN
AREA OF KNOWLEDGE
THEMATIC
ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS
SPONSORED BY
Physical
Oceanography,
Meteorology
- Oceanographic and atmospheric Database
standardization
- Advances in the modeling of ENOS in the
Southeast Pacific
To consolidate the Regional Cruises database since 1998
as of today.
Publication: Report of Date since 1998 as of today of
Regional Oceanographic Cruises.
CPPS (3 participants per
country).
Other
possible
participant sponsor: NOAA,
European Community, CNES.
Biological Oceanography
Biological indicators of Plankton
Plankton species catalogue indicators of water masses in
the East pacific for early warning of environmental changes
COI, SCOR,
others.
Physical Oceanography
Advances in the modeling of ENOS in the
Southeast Pacific
Capacitation and updating of modeling
CPPS. Possible financing
sources, other participants:
COI, IRI.
Course /Workshop
Oceanography, Meteorology
Use, development and implementation of Global
and Regional Numeric Models, Atmospheric,
Oceanographic and Integrated Biological
Course-Practical
theoretical workshop
10 days
Biological
Genetic
Oceanography,
Introduction to Genetic of Conservation and its
Application
Course
3 people/country
7 days
Biological
Genetic.
Oceanography
Capacitation
2/3 people/country. 3
days
Biological
Oceanography,
Vertebrate Zoology
Implementation of the Regional Plan on Marine
Turtles
Incorporation of assessment and conservation issues.
CI, NOAA, WWF.
Seminar
2 people/country.
2 days
Maritime Law (Captains of
the
Port),
Maritime
Authority.
International Convention on Civil Responsibility and
compensation or damage produced by Hazardous
and Nocive Substances Transportation (HNS) by
the Sea.
Provide legal tools for the country members so they can
have a legislation that is liable.
OMI
Physical Oceanography
Geophysics
To carry out a Project to Establish a Regional
System of Early Warning against Tsunamis in the
Southeast Pacific
A first meeting was held in which the current situation on
tsunami event response of each country was exhibited. It is
expected to strengthen the network at local, national and
regional level in the medium term. Another meeting was
proposed for the second half of the year2008.
CPPS.
Biological Oceanography
Tec/Eng. Fishery,
Tec/Eng. Aquaculture.
II Workshop on Fishing statistics in the Country
Members of the CPPS
To design a plan of action to improve the capacity to
generate fishing statistics, especially in Colombia and
Ecuador and to strengthen the one in the other country
members of the CPPS.
MIZC
Workshop (3
people/country)
1 week
Workshop (3
people/country)
1 week
Workshop
(2 people/country)
PESQUERIAS
PROTECCION DEL
MEDIO MARINO
ERFEN
Workshop (3
people/country)
5 days
Workshop
(2 people/country)
2 days
Molecular Biology Applied to Marine Diversity
Capacitation in global numeric models integrating the
atmospheric and oceanographic information (in its different
branches)
Incorporation of assessment tools to the Plan of Action for
Mammals Conservation in the Southeast Pacific and to the
recently adopted Regional Program for the Marine Turtles
Conservation.
To boost molecular biology in studies of marine population
with tendency to identify groups of population or species,
and at the same time, providing useful information in
processes of conservation of diversity.
31
FAO
among
CPPS
CPPS.
CI, Blue Concept (Concepto
Azul)
CPPS (Chile, Ecuador and
Peru).
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
5.2
Scientific research module
Taking into consideration that the ERFEN program has been developed over
the past four decades and that interacts with country members of the CPPS; it
is clear that the region has a structure and several programs already
established through cooperation among several entities; both educative as well
as scientific research organized at national level and interrelated at regional
level.
Since the ERFEN program represents the basis of contribution to this Alliance,
not only because its history but by its valuable work, main action guidelines for
the program must be taken into consideration in association with other activities
and with research programs because the ENOS intense events since the 70’s
have increased the interest in studying and understanding this phenomenon,
which has strengthened the program technologically as well as in scientific
research.
In regards to the marine scientific subjects included in the environmental
programs (Table 3), it is clear that the capacity strengthening (associated to the
ERFEN program) provides a large amount of information to different lines of
knowledge in the ocean subjects and atmospheric interaction (meteorology) by
the articulation of surveillance programs (monitoring) and ocean observation,
which speeds up the integration process with these programs and countries of
the region.
Furthermore, bearing in mind the seism that took place on August 15, 2007 at
the Peruvian coast generating a tsunami warning in Chile, Peru, Ecuador,
Colombia and Central America countries, made evident the importance required
in capacitation and strengthening the capacities to develop scientific research to
establish the vulnerable zones and speed up the interaction process in the
national, regional and international warning systems. This is in order to make
the systems more efficient to support prevention ad evacuation plans that are
required by coastal population that present the highest risk before these kind of
events.
5.3
Capacity strengthening module
In spite of limitations and difficulties related to low availability to resources for a
proper research development, there are several strengths related regional
programs that are executed in the region ad that have a long trajectory.
Said trajectory confirms that all State members of the CPPS contribute through
national programs in the regional observing system. This is done through the
commitment undertaken by each country which means a steady input to
strengthen and develop activities aimed to align and exchange information,
methodologies and optimization of resources supporting processes of joint
capacitation.
This process allows the efficient incorporation of all state members in joint
scientific research programs. This becomes evident with the articulation process
that is being developed to create a Project to establish a regional tsunami
warning system for the Southeast Pacific.
Capacity strengthening involves several processes associated to the projects to
be incorporated. (Table 4).
32
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
5.3.1
National and regional approach
The national development will depend on the capacity strengthening
which at the same time depends on the approach that each nation has
for its self, and it has a direct implication with the regional actioning.
The State members of the CPPS interact in several programs and
projects, which facilitated the joint strengthening process that is required
when addressing regional researches. This actioning is a key factor in
the process of anchoring the alliance.
Strengthening GRASP will enable the establishment of an integrated
operational system for ocean observation through the joint work of
nations (regional cooperation), which will bring benefits in research
development, integration to carry out projects, capturing and interpreting
information and resource optimization
The country members of the CPPS, especially through the meetings of
the program ERFEN, have emphasized the importance of boosting a
regional strategy, which implies a national-regional approach in regards
to participation of entities and organization in the Alliance. This becomes
evident with the need to extend the observations made, strengthening
the national institutions (technology and human resource) and to interact
properly at regional level (in research projects as well as in the
appropriate alignment in methodologies and information management).
The states organization enables the improvement of the alliance
process, since it counts on a previous articulation that blends in perfectly
with the projections of GRASP. This optimizes the quality of
observations, bringing direct benefits to the research, community,
industrial sector, countries and in general, a positive regional impact.
The regional system must be based on the activities and national
requirements; being clear that the effort made by the region’s countries
throughout the years will enable a suitable integration in the
implementation of the Alliance for it has advanced in the research
coordination process at national and regional level which is essential in
seeking the most appropriate articulation to consolidate GRASP.
5.1.1 Equipments and maintenance
A suitable observing and research process indispensably requires to
count on several instrument (observation and measuring), equipment
(data capture, quantification, measuring, etc.), informatics systems
(information analysis) and for many programs is undoubtedly that
availability of vessels could become a limiting problem, being the
support for operational programs.
The programs developed in the Southeast Pacific have access to
several teams, which has enabled them for decades to carry out
research activities. However, limitations exist and it is undeniable that
requires fortifying it not only to increment capacities but to provide
more accurate and extended information.
33
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Since every process requires synergy between different aspects and
disciplines, the incorporation of new technologies is not an exception,
because the devices must be properly operated which needs previous
training, including technical support in regards to required handling and
needed maintenance to guarantee the right operation, with no
inconvenience in the acquired equipments.
Strengthening the capacities related to equipment and maintenance
requires the prompt incorporation of:
Buoys, floaters or gliders in order to extend coverage
and increasing the observation points.
Extension of the atmospheric network on the surface as
well as in height; tending to improve forecasts.
To increment the capacity of the seismic and
mareographic network: it must advance to have it working out
and aligned in the medium term, allowing transmission in real
time of warnings and information at regional level.
34
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Table 3. Research Programs coordinated by the CPPS.
RESEARCH SUBJECTS
PROTECTION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
ERFEN
- To establish the ocean-atmospheric conditions in an integrated
manner
- To establish the definition and regional rank of the intensity of the
ENOS events.
- To determine the influence of the interdecadal oscillations in
frequency and intensity of ENOS and its impacts.
-To determine an index of ENOS for the Southeast Pacific
-To determine a influences of the climate change on the ENOS
-To estimate the frequency and impact of ENOS within the next 50 to
100 years by generating regional climate change scenarios.
-Study of the Kelvin waves trapped in the coast and its influence in
coastal oceanographic processes.
-Influence of jets winds originated by the continental topography in the
oceanography of the region and its variation due to the ENOS.
-To determine normal conditions for the Southeast Pacific of the
oceanographic, atmospheric and biological component.
-To study the population behavior of the biological and fishing
population in function to the climate variability, with special interest in
using models integrated with the environment
-Study on the oscillations of high atmospheric frequency in the oceanatmosphere conditions in the region, associated to IOS
-Physiochemical and biological conditions in fixed coastal stations.
Research and Monitoring of Marine Pollution. Surveillance of the
Marine Environmental Quality.
ACTIVITIES
Assessment of databases
to analyze the existing
information
Analysis of information
compiled during regional
cruises carried out as of
today,
and
the
one
provided by the coastal
fixed stations.
AREA OF
KNOWLEDGMENT
Physical,
chemical
and
biological
Oceanography,
related
to
meteorology.
Oceanography
meteorology
and
Joint Regional Cruises
and monitoring the fixed
coastal stations
Joint Regional Cruise
(additional) during the first
quarter of the year and
establishment of at least 2
fixed stations per country
Oceanography
(Physical, chemical
and biological) and
Meteorology
-Monitoring coastal zones
-Joint Monitoring with the
ERFEN program- on board
of regional Cruises.
Oceanography
(chemical
biological)
environmental
engineering.
-Monitoring coastal fixed
stations and vessels of
international
traffic
to
determine the presence of
exogenous and pathogen
microorganisms in ballast
waters
-Inventory
of
native
species in the zones closet
o
port
areas
and
Biologic
Oceanography,
Microbiology,
zoology, botanic
35
and
EXPECTED RESULTS
O know the existing information, the quality thereof and the existing
interoperability degree of the countries for exchange – access to the
scientific information and publications based on this information.
-Clear definition of the event, establishment of the intensity range ang
scientific research publications based on this information.
-Numeric models or programs of forecast of standardized
oceanographic-atmospheric conditions (in each country).
-Regional prediction model of the ENOS standardized
-Reports of Cruises, information analysis, data updating.
-Information capturing and analysis of special conditions that were
registered during the first quarter of the year in the Colombian Pacific
and that could extend to Peru.
-Establishment of biological monitoring programs in selected areas.
-Identification of biologic indicators of the plankton of early warning and
third level.
-Constant Information in real time of certain oceanographic and
meteorological conditions, also about the condition that cannot be
measured in real time, every 30 days.
-Scientific research publications based on this information .
-To know the current condition of the marine environment and
environmental impact of the anthropogenic activities that affect them.
-Have information to advise Governments on problems related to
marine environment protection.
-Database of polluting levels (pesticides, hydrocarbons – HAPs,
metals).
-Regional diagnostic on the microbiologic quality of the coastal zone
waters.
-Control to vessels in regards to compliance with international
regulations.
-Database of exogenous and pathogen microorganisms in coastal
waters and in vessels of international traffic.
-Implementation of the GloBallast Program.
-Provide information to support the expedition of legal and political
reforms in order to get the International Convention for Control and
management of Ballast waters of Ships and Sediments, adopted by the
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
monitoring possible or
exotic or invasive species.
Conservation of endangered marine species
Coast and marine biodiversity
Integral Management of Marine Garbage in the Southeast Pacific
-Studies on history of life,
dynamic and response to
environmental changes of
threatened species (e.g.
Red books, CITES)
-Incorporation of protection
programs of threatened
species.
-Projects of identification,
estimation of populations
and follow-ups to marine
mammals.
-Projects of recuperation of
marine turtles through next
protection
and
incorporation of baits that
protect these species.
-Projects tending to reduce
the impact of current
techniques for fisheries on
species not object to their
activity.
-Realization of studies on
identification of marine
ecosystems associated to
high levels of biodiversity
and productivity.
-Establishment
of
necessary limitations for
utilization of highly biodiverse zones.
-Monitoring
reef
communities.
Environmental Education
Biologic
Oceanography,
Genetic, Zoology of
vertebrate,
Ornithology Ecology.
Biologic
oceanography, forest
eng,
environment
eng,
zoology,
ecology
Environmental
Economy,
Law,
Political
Sciences,
Geodesy.
Marine
Biology and Ecology
36
IMO.
-Database of exotic organisms, established and invasive in zones close
to port developments.
-Regional diagnostic on threatened marine organisms and their
population and ecological dynamic.
-Regional Diagnostic on the Marine mammal situation.
-Execution of the Plan of Action for the Conservation of Marine
Mammals in the Southeast Pacific, which is one of the few plan of
actions to protect these species.
-Execution of the Regional Marine Turtle Conservation Program for in
the Southeast Pacific.
-Execution of the subject on marine birds to the Plan of Action
-Boost the creation of capacities to conduct genetic studies of the
conservation of adapted to the strategies of population management of
wildlife in the respective countries.
-Integrate the region researchers with perspectives of developing
programs of joint research at regional scale.
-Write a diagnostic document upon consulting reports.
-Skilled researchers, training courses and capacitation.
-Creation of protected areas – Regional Network of Coastal and Marine
Protected Areas.
-Update the inventory of protected marine areas.
-Effective implementation of a regional network of protected marine and
coastal areas, its scope, connectivity levels, among other aspects
-Inventory of the flora and the fauna in areas known by its high
biodiversity
-Protection Program of marine Biological Diversity (Regional network of
Protected Marine and Coastal Areas).
-Incorporation of programs.
-Strengthening and extension of program coverage of monitoring reef
and mangrove ecosystems.
-Implementation of the Regional Plan of Integrated Management of
Coastal Zones.
-Environmental zonification.
-Implementation of the Regional Program on Marine Garbage
-Plans of integrated management of coastal zones in the local and
national scope.
-Definition of administrative structures of coastal management in the
regional, national and local scope.
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
COASTAL ZONE
INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT
-Governability of the marine and coastal zones
Analysis of the actors, conflicts and political options to invest in marine
and coastal territory at regional, national and local level.
-Marine and coastal indicators, its methodical sheet, settlement.
Margin integrated and developed sustainable coastal zones and
marine zones, among them, exclusive economic zones
To
implement
and
coordinate activities of
regional coordination for
the
environmental
ordering.
Topographical
and
hydrographic uplifting.
Assessment of threat for tsunami with close origin
Numeric Modeling
Physical
and
Biological
Oceanography
Environmental Eng. ,
land
register,
Topography Catastral,
Topografía,
Hidrografía, Biología.
-Environmental Margin Plan.
-Determination of jurisdictional limits
-Coastal and marine ecosystem maps.
-Naval charts.
Oceanography Física
-Information related to estimated arrival time of waves to coastal
population associated to genic tsunami events, whether with close or
far origin.
-Maps of risk and flood zones.
-Maps of safe zones.
Table 4. Requerimientos en cuanto a fortalecimiento de capacidades en los programas adelantados por los estados miembros de la CPPS.
PROGRAM
PROJECT
ERFEN
ENOS Warning
Sytem
Implementation
networks system.
Incorporación
del
programa
Globallast
-Beginning of the Project
implementation
phase
(beginning 2008).
-Development of associations
at international, regional and
national level, including the
shipping and harbor industry,
NGOs and intergovernmental
entities.
PROTECCION
DEL MEDIO
MARINO
ACTIONS
of
new
EXPECTED RESULTS
REQUIREMENTS IN CAPACITIES
COMMITMENTS
Modernization
of
existing
networks,
implementation of new oceanographic and
meteorological observing networks in real
time.
*Human resource formation:
-Strengthening technical programs.
Supporting
formation
at
postgraduate level through new
programs or researcher Exchange.
-Training
in
remote
sensors
(interpreting the information)
-Model elaboration training (use and
interpretation).
*Technical
-Proper
transfer
of
technology/equipments
which
include not only acquisition but
-Commitment of the
states to give continuity
to the alliances.
-To
dedicate
more
resources for research
projects
-To strengthen links
with other international
organizations
which
support
assessment
and ocean observing
programs.
-Support management
Implementation of the Project in Southeast
Pacific region, since it is one of the six
priority regions for said implementation.
Global guidelines and tool incorporation
-Trained personnel
-Policy legal framework at national and
institutional level.
37
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
INTEGRATEDM
ANAGEMENT
OF COASTYAL
ZONES
Tsunami early
warning system
Assessment of National Early
Warning Systems against
Tsunamis, its interconnections
with International Systems.
Determination of specific need
to improve the national and
regional systems
-Implementation
of
transmission of data in real
time (fixed stations) according
the information.
Implementation of satellite
data.
-Development of joint work to improve the
early warning systems against tsunamis
from close origin.
-Modernization of existing networks.
-Implementation and strengthening of
mareographic and seismic network.
-Share 2 BB stations per country (IRIS,
CTBTO).
-To establish communication protocols
-Seismic surveillance model.
-Implementation of specific surveillance
system.
-Canalization
of
resources
through
management of the CPPS to strengthen
capacities.
-Project to establish a regional system of
tsunami warning for the Southeast Pacific.
-Obtaining information in real time
-Satellite information system for ocean and
atmospheric conditions
38
training for a proper use (handling),
download information, maintenance
and if possible, solutions for
temporary problems.
* Institutions:
Inter-institutional cooperation at
regional and national level to
establish proper networks of access
to information and knowledge
exchange (by human resource
formation).
*Scientific research:
Supporting the execution of long
term regional project as is the case
of
ERFEN,
CONPACSE
y
GLOBALLAST (this latter is in
process of countries incorporation)
for
strengthening
regional capacities.
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Stations’ maintenance and repairing programs to guarantee optimal operation and
therefore, appropriate information provision
It is important to stand out that the right designation of equipment requires the
projection of proper maintenance and the immediate Access to spare parts.
5.1
International and financial management module
For a proper interaction process, it is necessary to count on resources that allow
actioning without inconvenience of established programs. However, there are not many
cooperation agreements (international entities / extra-regional states) which become
evident with the specific case of the ERFEN program and in the process required for a
proper operation of the tsunami issue.
This limitation in agreements allowing the access to additional resources, makes that
determined developed programs only count on the resources provided by each
country; the need to generate international cooperation is undisputable.
As aforementioned, the importance generated by the tsunami issue and the need to
implement efficient warning systems in the region, aimed to strengthening the
mareographic and seismologic networks for a proper communication and data
provision, has made evident the support from international entities. This enables to
foresee a significant international financial support.
In spite of difficulties regarding external financing, programs such as the Marine
Environment Protection are developed thanks to the fluent inter-institutional
cooperation between the CPPS and the United Nation Environment Program (UNEP).
Also, the following organizations provide support: Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission (IOC), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Atomic Energy Organization
Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nation Development
Program (UNDP), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO),
Economic Commissions for Latin America and the Caribbean(UNECLAC), International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
Likewise, to develop this program, cooperation links are been established with the
Secretaries of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change. The fruitful inter-institutional cooperation
sustained by the CPPS con the different international institutions fully comply with the
cooperation and coordination purposes at the international and regional levels.
Furthermore, the CPPS performs an important role on financing activities such as
training and interaction between countries, sustaining an inter-institutional cooperation
and coordination.
6
GRASP AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
6.1
Interaction with GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System)
The GRASP Alliance must be kept under the guidelines of GOOS and it
must continuously report its advances, in order to highlight the efforts that
are carried out by the region in the ocean observing field.
39
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Socialization workshops on the work done by the alliance and the
attendance of GOOS must be held in order to sustain presence and
promote projects that are carried out within the Alliance framework.
6.2
Interaction with IODE – ODINCARSA (Program International Oceanic Data
and Exchange Information – Ocean Data and Information Network for the
Caribbean and South America)
To keep a close relationship with IODE through the ODINCARSA network
will enable personnel training in the region to capture, manage and
processing data in the same way until the Alliance develops its own platform
to store and publish the information; its infrastructure can be taken into
consideration like a possibility to cover this shortcomings.
Training workshops must be held on data management in the region and
standardization of information between the institutions that are part of the
Alliance.
6.3
Interaction with TEMA (Training, Education and Mutual Assistance to
Strengthen the Scientific Capacity)
The strategy established by the IOC within TEMA must be used in building
the capacities at national and regional level. It is important to manage the
training, workshops and scholarships program that contribute to the
objectives of the Alliance.
To promote the inclusion of projects within this strategy, it must be managed
with the IOC as well as to obtain benefits in the region in the ocean
observing field.
6.4
Interaction with JCOMM (Joint Commission on Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology)
Programs of observation in marine meteorology and oceanography field
must be submitted to make the most of the experience that this committee
already has in this field in order to fortify the data capturing system for the
steady monitoring in the region.
The Alliance must manage the acquisition of instruments and the
incorporation of data obtained through the different projects within the
JCOMM in the database of the region to be used by researchers within the
strengthening capacity framework.
6.5
Interaction with GLOSS (Global Sea-Level Observing System)
This system has a sea-level observing network that can contribute to the
objective of ocean continuous observation; it is important managing a
greater densification of the sea-level at regional level in function of research
projects.
The interaction with experts in this system will benefit the region by
incrementing its capacities, both in the implementation of new technologies
in using methodologies to data management as well as in maintenance of
utilized equipments.
40
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
6.6
Interaction with GEOSS (Earth Observation System of Systems)
As a regional component of GOOS, the interaction with this system must be
direct, disclosing the projects that are being developed within the framework
of the Alliance and at the same time, managing the fundraising for
equipment implementation and training.
Moreover, the visibility within this system must be kept in order to promote
the strengthening of the institutions that are part of the Alliance. Therefore,
attending the meetings is important.
6.7
Interaction with VOCALS (VAMOS Ocean-Cloud- Atmosphere-Land Study)
The information collected and the one that will be collected in this study is a
great contribution to the effort that the region has made for ocean
continuous observation. Therefore, data capturing and the submission of
scientific research projects in which scientific leaders of VOCAL interact,
must be managed.
6.8
Interaction with ARGO (A Global Array of Profiling Floats Projects)
This Project is one of the greatest international efforts within the ocean
observing framework worldwide, the, interaction is important in order to
obtain equipment to densify the observations in the region.
In order to obtain a full integration in this Project, an ARGO information
center for the region must be established. This will increment the
management capacity of captured data.
6.9
Interaction with CLIVAR (Climate Variability and Predictability)
Research in the field of the ocean-atmosphere interaction is important for
monitoring the processes in the ocean. The Alliance must achieve the
contribution of projects within this program, to increment the observation
network at regional level.
Since the objectives of these programs are related to improving the numeric
model accuracy, it is important to submit joint projects to strengthen the
modeling capacity in the region.
6.10
Other programs
Since the nature of the Alliance is constantly look for possibilities to interact
with new programs related to continuous data capturing of the ocean, as
well with research projects in the region.
7
PLAN OF ACTION OF GRASP (2008 - 2010)
7.1
Plan of Action (Prioritized temporary framework in which the Plan will be
broken down in tasks, goals and actions; identifying the ones in charge or
those interested in it)
GRASP has used a great amount of time in its implementation, actually, it
does not have a place yet. For that, a feasible Plan of action is proposed in
41
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
terms of resources, which brings up the generation of products in the short
term, using the existing infrastructure and the member’s installed capacities.
Actions to be carried out are exposed in a chronological order. They will
take place during the next period which does not involve external funds.
In the following table the colums corresponding to “Responsible” and “Term” will be
pending until the Strategic Plan of GRASP is defined by the designed Committee
together with the Alliance Presidency
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Action
Responsible
Agreement with other countries to CPPS-IOC-OMM
share basic data and enter them into
a Regional Database.
Transfer of data to CNDO in charge CNDO
assigned
of undertaking the Database
(CNDO from Chile
is suggested)
To design the first oceanographic Coordinates
the
products and protocol of data group: DHN
exchange with the bid of CCCP,
INVEMAR, INOCAR, DHN, IMARPE,
INP, SHOA, IFOP, CIIFEN
To fully enable the Web page GRASP INOCAR
Depuration and quality control of CNDO assigned
database
Generation of first experimental CNDO responsible
product of GRASP
- CIIFEN
Structuring
the
information ODINCARSA
distribution network of GRASP
CIIFEN
Distribution of the first products and CNDOS - CIIFEN
feedback of users
Development
of
a
regional CIIFEN
experimental model
Virtual meeting to evaluate goals
Presidency GRASP
Validation of regional model
CCCP, INVEMAR,
INOCAR,
DHN,
IMARPE,
INP,
SHOA,
IFOP,
CIIFEN
Regional model with assimilation of CCCP, INVEMAR,
operational data
INOCAR,
DHN,
IMARPE,
INP,
SHOA,
IFOP,
CIIFEN
Implementation Information System CIIFEN
GRASP
7.2
Term
30 April 2008
30 June 2008
30 June 2008
30 June 2008
30 September 2008
30 October 2008
30 October 2008
30 November 2008
01 December 2008
10 December 2008
30 March 2009
30 June 2009
30 June 2009
Funding
The following table, the actions of GRASP after June 2009 that will require
funding:
Action
1
Implementation
Amount
distributed 50,000 USD
Date
October 2009
42
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
2
oceanographic
database
and
advanced connection networks
Training
workshops in
oceanic 40,000 USD
modeling, data assimilation and
advanced networks
Between January
2009
and
December 2009
43
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
B.
REFERENCES
APÉNDIX I
Glossary
ARGO
CIIFEN
CNDO
COI
CPPS
CLIVAR
ERFEN
ENOS
GEOSS
GLOSS
GOOS
GRASP
ICSU
A Global Array of Profiling Floats Projects
Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de
el Niño
(International Research Center on El Niño Phenomenon)
Centro Nacional de Datos Oceanográficos
(The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC))
Comisión
Oceanográfica
Intergubernamental
(Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC))
Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur
(South Pacific Permanent Commission)
Variabilidad y Predictibilidad del Clima
(Climate Variability and Predictability)
Estudio regional del Fenómeno El Niño
(Regional Study of el Niño Phenomenon)
El Niño – Oscilación Sur
(Southern Oscillation of El Niño)
Sistema de Sistemas de Observación de la Tierra
(Earth Observation System of Systems)
Sistema Global de Observación del Nivel del Mar
(The Global Sea Level Observing System)
Sistema Global de Observación de los Océanos
(Global Ocean Observing Systems)
Alianza regional para la Observación de los Océanos en el
Pacifico Sur
(GOOS Regional Alliance for the South Pacific)
Consejo Internacional para la Ciencia
(International Council for Science)
IODE
Programa Internacional
Información del Océano
de
datos
e
Intercambio
de
(International Oceanographic Data and Information
Exchange)
IPCC
Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre los Cambios
Climáticos
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
JCOMM
Comisión Mixta para la Oceanography y Meteorología
Marina
(Joint Commission on Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology)
ODINCARSA
Red de Datos e Información para el Caribe y Sur América
(Ocean Data and Information network for the Caribbean
and South America Region)
OMM
Organización Meteorológica Mundial
World Meteorological Organization
PNUMA
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente
(the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
TEMA
Entrenamiento,
Educación
y
Asistencia
Mutua
para
44
Strategic Plan Proposal for GRASP, 2008
Fortalecer la Capacidad Científica
(Training, Education and Mutual Assistance in Marine
Science)
UNESCO
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la
Ciencia y la Cultura
(United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization)
VAMOS
Variabilidad de los Sistemas Americanos del Monson
(Variability of the American Monsoon)
VOCALS
VAMOS estudio del Océano-Nubes-Atmósfera-Tierra
(Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study)
45