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2017 Cognition and memory Good articles: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2006/04/kaavya_syndrome.html http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/02/04/271527934/our-brains-rewrite-our-memories-putting-present-in-the-past http://www.ted.com/talks/steve_ramirez_and_xu_liu_a_mouse_a_laser_beam_a_manipulated_memory?language=en http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/06/02/318104637/bursts-of-light-create-memories-then-take-them-away Assumptions • The Cognitive perspective revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then the way to do it is to figure out what processes are actually going on in their minds. That is ‘the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired.’ • They believe the S/R connections is inadequate, and are interested the variables that intervene between stimulus/input and response/output (the mind). These mental processes are called mediators. • Assumption is that the mental frameworks should be studied • Assumption is that there can be different models for how we do things such as memory, language, thinking and attention. • We will only focus on memory and thinking, and if we have time preception 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pictures Task two Task three memory—read first Task four: letters Task five: numbers Task six: words 1. pictures 2. The Seven Dwarfs 7 Dwarfs • Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby. • Most likely to least likely: Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful 3. Memory test • • • • • • • • • 4—I’m sure I heard the word 3—I think I heard the word 2—I think the word is new 1—I’m sure the word is new 1. eye 6. pain 2. pin 7. thimble 3. point 8. haystack 4. hurt 9. thread 5. syringe 10. needle 11. prick 12. showing 13. sewing 14. injection 15. knitting Oliver Sacks and Clive Wearing • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw&feature=related The Abyss by Oliver Sacks Terms you must know • Herpes encephalitis • Confabulation • Semantic memory • Procedural memory • Explicit memory Hippocampus and Frontal lobes Retrograde amnesia Episodic memory Implicit memory Milner and HM • Please answer the following with clear, detailed paragraphs (about ½ page each I would say) • Q1. Explain the quote “a tiny platform…above the abyss.” That is, how does Wearing survive? Does Sacks think he is faking memories from the past (that is memories of WWII, churches, the queen, etc.) • Q2. If he has Retrograde Amnesia how does he recognize his wife— connect to the Edouard Claparede example. • Q3. When Wearing is playing the game with the license plates, he makes up a license plate for John Major, “John Major Vehicle,” If he cannot create new memories after 1967 and Major was a prime minister in the 1990s—I mean…what gives—try and explain. • Q4. A. How can he still play the piano? B. And is being a musician that simple (end of article???) Explain. HM Brief History • William Penfield (1969) electrical stimulation of the brain: Mapping of the brain: 2:00-3:00 Walter Freeman and William Scoville H.M Basics 1. 1950s surgery, epilepsy, temporal lobes. 2. Cost was Anterograde amnesia (really??). But also little more specific in that he could not form new memories? 3. Brenda Milner HM and weird reenactment thing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Symptoms: HM could not learn his way to the bathroom. He would read and reread a story and still see it as fresh. After eight years he could not find his way home from more than a distance of 2 blocks 1980 he moved to a nursing home (he was 54) and would claim he was in 1953 and aged 27. Memory seemed to last about 15 minutes. • • • • • HM Problem? STM or working memory OK Could remember events before accident Seems to be missing the ability to make long term memories Suggested we have two memories?? Test: Mirror star and Tower of Hanoi—result. What did the tests show? 1. Declarative memory (Explicit) is the ability to actually “declare” specific pieces of information. Content, facts , things like that. 2. Procedural memory (Implicit) is basic procedures such as learning to ride a bike, drive a car, they focus on the skill of something. 3. What is the point?—It seems that HM’s procedural memory was fine although he did not know it as his declarative memory was not functioning. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the significance of these ideas? That we have different types of memory That memories are unreliable That memories are associated with certain sections of the brain, but they do overlap—not clear part of the brain does specifically one thing That there are different forms of amnesia and even when people have the same type they will show great diversity of symptoms Causes great emotion damage and greatly effects ability to function every day. Types of LTM memory Type of Memory Content Organization Retrieval process Episodic Events, Experiences Time-based High Effort Semantic (Declarative) Facts, Concepts Cognitive Schemata Low effort Procedural Actions, Processes Automatic Activities • Procedural (a manner of processing) memory: This memory stores the basic “how to” information, skills and how to perform them. How to drive a car, how to play cards, etc. Clive Wearing? • Semantic memory: Involves general knowledge—facts and figure of the world. What is the capital of London, how far is it to Pullman, etc. • Episodic (personal experiences) memory: This is memory that deals with personal experience. What happened at the prom, witnessing the car crash of a friend, etc. David Meyers (349-352) Read the sections first and then take notes—please do not look at the simple definitions and this is academic suicide. 1. Define memory, flashbulb memories, encoding, storage, and retrieval. 2. Please draw the 3 box model of memory that is presented in the book, including the section on working memory. 3. What are some of the problems with the model? 4. Describe working memory? 5. Describe implicit and explicit memory and significance of Hippocampus and cerebellum (367-9) 6. Describe mood-congruent memories (374) 7. Describe state dependent memory, go on guess, go on, go on… David Meyers (361-363): Please describe: 1. Sensory memory and weird iconic and echoic memory) 2. Working/short-term memory 3. Long-term memory 4. Describe how memories are stored in the brain (364) Define memory, flashbulb memories, encoding, storage, and retrieval. Q1. Memory (a definition): The retention and use of prior knowledge. We remember information by • Recall: the active retrieval of information. • Recall involves A. Generating possible targets of information and B. identification of the right information. • Recognition involves identifying the right information from a generated list • Flashbulb memories: A clear memory of a significant event. Encoding: getting information into memory • Storage: Retention of encoded information • Retrieval: The process of getting information out of memory • 7 Dwarfs: • Average memory (recall and recognition) without list, 3 • Average memory (recognition) with list, 6 Q2. 3 Box model of memory--beware rehearsal Encoding/retrieval Decay Displacement Loss Q3. Problems with model? • Alan Turing—AI • Based on the idea of the computer, computer is sequential modeling but human mind often performs tasks using parallel processing, that is, tasks are simultaneously processed • Competing models • Does not explain forgetting, false memory, mood congruent memory, déjà vu, etc., etc. • Like all models it is too simple Q4. STM/ Working memory • STM generally can hold information for about 15 seconds (retention) and information will be lost, rehearsed, or encoded to long term memory. • George Miller and the Magic number 7 plus or minus 2. STM has a capacity for seven pieces of information one can get can get more info by chunking. Stringing together large pieces of information. Chunking: • • • • Period 2 (8.7 Vs 12.5) Period 5 (9.6 Vs 14.7) STM • Period 2: 5.2 • Period 5: 5.7 Q5. Describe implicit and explicit memory and significance of Hippocampus and cerebellum (367-9) • Implicit: unconscious learning/procedural • Explicit: conscious memory • Hippocampus: it plays a role in the creation of explicit memories, • Paired ( you have 2) • Names and faces • Spatial mnemonics • Memory of streets • hippocampus damage and memory loss. • Sleep • Also memory associated with frontal and temporal lobes. • memories are not in one place. • The cerebellum: associated with storing implicit/procedural memories. • So some skill will not be learned, such as learning to anticipate and respond to eye-puffs, this done in Rabbits. • Infancy but cannot recall it later. Q6 Describe mood-congruent memories • Gordon Bower Mood congruent memories: memory is generally better if one creates a replicate of the situation in which the learning took place. • Must have the same internal and external state. • Basically manipulated the mood of the subjects by hypnosis—change the internal state. Again, used the idea of hypnosis which I have problems with. • He made some happy and some sad at the time they learned their words. • Results: • Learned happy: about 80% recall if in a happy mood and about 40% when sad • Learned sad: about 80% recall if sad and less than 50% when happy. • Same state, better memory • different state, worse memory • (Godden and Baddeley, 1975) • Scuba gear and learned words both in the water and out—got the same type of results as Bower • (Lewinson and Rosenbaum, 1987) studied people over a large period and came to the conclusion that a state of depression dictated memories of parents • (Luchins and Luchins, 1950, 1959) mindlessness :why it is a better idea to take a break from tasks that are difficult. • A holds 21 cup, B holds 127 and C 3. The goal is to figure out how to get 100. • Another one: A holds 14, B 36 and C 8 Questions is to get 6. Q7. Describe state dependent memory, go on guess, go on, go on… • Essentially recalling a memory depending what state of consciousness we are in. States include: • natural (sleeping, daydreaming, drowsiness) • hypnosis, meditation, etc.) • Gives the example of being drunk and memory. 1. Sensory memory and weird iconic and echoic memory • Iconic: fleeting photographic memory—milliseconds • Echoic: Have a 3 or 4 unconscious memory of last auditory—can go as high as 10 seconds Working/short-term memory • 7plus or minus 2 and 15 seconds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkn3wRyb9Bk 3. Long Term Memory LTM can hold information for large periods of time—years at a time (retention). And the capacity is that it is potentially unlimited 4. Describe how memories are stored in the brain (364) • • • • • William Penfield (1969) not happening man Not in one part of the brain Not really sure how it is stored Interference with memory, changes memory?? Physical memory trace decay—getting old? Add on Storing and retrieving Q4 • Encoding is the process of using working to get information into LTM, • Storage is the retention of information in LTM. • Rehearsal/relearning: Improved memory by reviewing—an example is a foreign language that is not practiced but that will improve with review. Mentions Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909 and his forgetting curve • The amount remembers depends on the amount learned. • That time greatly affect memory • Over learning helps • Also that we learn better if the rehearsal of information is spaced out • Tip of Tongue Phenomena (when retrieval response does not produce a complete response—but produces parts that must be put together as a whole • Serial position effect: We tend to remember the first and last items in a list best. Also the Von Restorff effect, items that stand out because of association will be remembered better. • Self-referencing effect: (this is actually a form of encoding that is better than the other 3) If we are able to associate learned material with our own individual identity, we will remember it better. Encoding • Automatic processing: Some encoding is automatic, time space, procedures, etc • Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires attention and concentration • Semantic encoding: coding for meaning • Acoustic encoding meaning for sound • Visual encoding meaning for vision Forgetting • Pro-active interference: old learning (past experience) interferes with new learning (remembering something learned more recently). The first dance you learned was the Fox trot, this interferes with learning the steps for the Tango. • Retroactive interference: New learning (new experiences) interferes with old memories (past experiences). • PORN • Anterograde memory. Difficulty remembering events from the time of the trauma on. • Infantile Amnesia: very common—forget events that happens when we are very young. Many people claim to have anchors to help them with these memories such as siblings being born when they are, say, 2 years old—but these memories are rather dodgy. Generally we can remember little of our lives before the age of 3.5-5. • Retrograde Amnesia: Lose memory of events prior to whatever trauma. Happens a lot say in football games, etc., but minor. In more severe cases people lose memory for years before and learn the memory from the least recent to the most recent—but takes time Korsakoff’s syndrome: Elizabeth House, Upstreet • Residential care home for adults under 65 with dementia resulting from Korsakoff's Syndrome, acquired brain injury and other related conditions. • This is an ailment that is associated with alcoholism • Similarities, with Anterograde memory—inability to form new memories. • But confabulation is interesting--filling in the gaps with stories that explain the lack of ability to tell where they were. Reconstructed memory: • Repression: Freudian idea that we unconsciously bury/hide memories (especially ones we are ashamed of) and they can only be recalled, generally, with a therapist. • Presupposition: that is a “condition that must be true in order for the question to make sense.” Essentially background. • Misinformation effect: misremember—remember other details, create a different memory. Fun Facts • 63.0% of the people agreed with the statement: "Human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review and inspect them later." • 100% of the experts disagreed with this statement. • 54.6% of the people agreed with the statement: "Hypnosis is useful in helping witnesses accurately recall details of crimes." • 87.6% of the experts disagreed with this statement. • 77.5% of the people agreed with the statement: "People generally notice when something unexpected enters their field of view, even when they're paying attention to something else." • 81.2% of the experts disagreed with this statement. • 47.6% of the people agreed with the statement: “Once you have experience an event and formed a memory of it, that memory does not change." • 93.8% of the experts disagreed with this statement. • Reference: Simons, D.J. and Chabris, C.F. What People Believe about How Memory Works: A Representative Survey of the U.S. Population. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22757. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022757, 2011. Elizabeth Loftus and memory Intro • http://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_the_fiction_of_m emory.html • Memory task 3: • List of words • • • • First word, thread Last word, pain Middle word, point No word, needle 31/34 (sure, 4, or think, 3, heard the word) 27/34 (sure or think) 19/34 (sure of think, 7 sure) 20/34 (sure of think, 14 sure) Recovered memories http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhZjxkaCkzk Recovered memories Cont. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsXoVYDL_gs Elizabeth Loftus 1975 • • • • • • • Please take notes on: Introduction Theoretical propositions (hypothesis) Experiments 1,2,3&4 Discussions Recent Applications Conclusions