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Nervous system
Chapter 18 peripheral nervous system
The Spinal Nerves
The Cranial Nerves
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The Autonomic Nervous System
motor nerve
visceral sensory nerve
referred pain
the innervation of some important organs
The Autonomic Nervous System
include
central part
periphery Distribute on internal organs, blood
vessels, smooth muscle and glands。
Visceral motor nerve
periphery
sympathetic nerve
parasympathetic nerve
Visceral sensory nerve
Visceral motor nerve is also called autonomic nervous
system or vegetative nervous system.
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The composition of autonomic nervous system can be
summarized as following:
periphery
Visceral nervous
system
Spinal cord
central part
Brain stem
diencephalons
cerebrum
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Visceral
motor nerve
periphery
Sympathetic nerve
Parasympathetic
nerve
Cranium part
pars sacralis
Visceral
sensory nerve
Spinal ganglion
cerebral ganglion
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Visceral motor nerve
The differentiation between visceral motor nerve and somatic
motor nerve：
Visceral motor nerve
Organs
fiber ingredients
the neuron
number
the different of
fiber’s diameter
the distributing
type
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Somatic motor nerve
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle skeletal muscle
and glands
two ones: sympathetic or
only one
parasympathetic nerve
two
one
thinner
thicker
the postganglionic fibre
distribute as nerve plexuses
nerve trunk
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The visceral motor nerve can be divided into sympathetic
nerve and parasympathetic nerve.
sympathetic nerve
The general view of sympathetic nerve
sympathetic nerve
lower centra：the T1～L3
intermediolateral nucleus
paravertebral ganglia
( ganglia of sympathetic trunk)
interganglionic branches
cervical part 3-4 ones
thoracic part 10-12 ones
pars lumbalis 4 ones
pars sacralis 2-3 ones
the two sides of pars terminalis
synthetize an odd knob
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prevertebral ganglia
middle cervical
celiac ganglia
ganglion
superior mesenteric ganglion
cervicothora
inferior mesenteric ganglia cic ganglion
sympathetic
aorticorenal ganglia
trunk
pulmonary
plexus
thoracic ganglia
superior mesenteric
ganglion
superior mesenteric
ganglion
Lumbar splanchnic
nerves
sacral ganglia
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superior
cervical
ganglion
cardiac
plexus
stomach
celiac
ganglia
small
intestine
lumbar ganglion
communicating branches
white communicating branches
gray communicating branches
gray
communica
ting branch
spinal
ganglia
anterior
root
white
communicating
branch
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posterior root
abdominal cavity ganglion
ganglia of
sympathetic trunk
The 3 directions of preganglionic fibers of sympathetic nerve：
intermediolateral nucleus—anterior root—trunk of spinal nerve—white
communicating branches—sympathetic trunk
①End at the correspondent paravertebral ganglia，and change neuron.
②After trading upward or descending, terminates at the paravertebral ganglia.
（T1～T6）The preganglionic fibers of intermediolateral nucleus go up to
cervical part in the sympathetic trunk, and change neuron in the paravertebral
ganglia of cervical part.
（T6～T10）upgrading or descending in the sympathetic trunk, and change
neuron in thoracic sympathetic ganglion.
（T11～L3）descending in the sympathetic trunk and change neuron in the
sympathetic ganglion of lumbosacral area.
③After going through paravertebral ganglia, neuron is changed in
prevertebral ganglia.
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The three directions of postganglionic fibre of sympathetic nerve
①The postganglionic fibre derived from sympathetic trunk return to
spinal nerve via gray communicating branch, and distribute to pate,
trunk and acral blood vessel, sweat glangds and arrector muscle.There
are gray communicating branches between spinal nerves of 31 pairs and
sympathetic trunk. The branches of spinal nerves usually contain
postganglionic fibre of sympathetic nerve.
②To hold on to arteries and form correspondent nerve plexus on tunica
adventitia of artery, and distribute to the dominant organs with artery .
③Distribute directly to dominant organs from sympathetic ganglia.
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The distribution of sympathetic nerve
cervical part：
superior cervical
ganglion
middle cervical
ganglion
superior cervical ganglion
cervicothorac
middle cervical ganglion
ic ganglion
inferior cervical ganglion
the 1st inferior cervical ganglion sympathetic
trunk
cervicothoracic ganglion
thoracic
ganglia
cardiac plexus
pulmonary
plexus
The distribution of postganglionic nerve fibers emerged from cervical part
ganglia of sympathetic trunk：
①distribute on blood vessels, sweat glands and arrector muscles of head, neck
and upper extremity.
②distribute directly to the adjacent arteries and form internal carotid plexus，
external carotid plexus，subclavian plexus and vertebral plexus.
③the emergent pharyngeal branch composed of pharyngeal plexus with the
pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve and cranial nerve.
④the 3 pairs of cervical ganglia of sympathetic trunk send out superior, middle
and inferior cardiac nerve respectively and descend to thoracic cavity and add to
cardiac plexus.
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thoracic part:
thoracic sympathetic nerve
lie at the anterior aspect of capitulum costae
thoracic ganglia
10～12 ones（the 11 ones is mostly common）
branches：
①distribute on blood vessels, sweat glands and arrector muscle
of thoracic and abdominal wall with 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
via gray communicating branch.
②the 1st to 5th thoracic sympathetic ganglion→thoracic aortic
plexus, esophageal plexus, pulmonary plexus and cardiac plexus and
so on.
③the preganglionic fibre walking through the 6th to 9th thoracic
ganglia constitute greater splanchnic nerve→celiac ganglia
④the preganglionic fibre walking through the 10th to 12th
thoracic ganglia, constitute lesser splanchnic nerve→aorticorenal
ganglia
⑤least splanchnic nerve
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middle cervical
ganglion
cervicothoracic
ganglion
sympathetic trunk
pulmonary
plexus
thoracic ganglia
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superior cervical
ganglion
cardiac plexus
stomach
superior mesenteric
ganglion
celiac ganglia
superior mesenteric
ganglion
lumbar ganglion
splanchnic nerves
sacral ganglia
small intestine
lumbar part
4 pairs of lumbar ganglion distribute
branches
thoracic
ganglia
There are 2 to 3 pairs of sacral
ganglia and a coccygeal ganglion
distribute branches：
superior mesenteric
①distribute with sacral and ganglion
coccygeal nerve via gray
superior mesenteric
communicating branches.
ganglion
②some small branches add to
pelvis plexus→pelvic cavity lumbar splanchnic
nerves
organs
sacral
ganglia
stomach
celiac ganglia
small
intestinal
lumbar
ganglion
pelvic part
① Distribute to 5 pairs of lumbar nerve via gray commmunicating branches.
② The preganglionic fibre walking through lumbar ganglion — lumbar
splanchnic nerves→superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion，postganglionic
fibre→the digestive canal below left flexure of colon and pelvic cavity organs.
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conclusions：
1、The preganglionic fibre derived from the 1st to 5th of thoracic part
intermediolateral nucleus change neuron, then the postganglionic fibre
arrange blood vessels, sweat glands and arrector muscle of head, neck,
thoracic cavity organs and upper limb.
2、The preganglionic fibre derived from the 6th to 12th of thoracic part
intermediolateral nucleus change neuron, then the postganglionic fibre
arrange liver, spleen, kidney and the intestine canal above left colic flexure .
3、The preganglionic fibers derived from the 1st to 3rd of lumbar part
intermediolateral nucleus change neuron, then the postganglionic fibre
arrange the intestine canal and pelvic cavity organs below left colic flexure and
the blood vessels, sweat glands and arrector muscle of lower limb.
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parasympathetic nerve
Lower center
Cranial part：
nucleus of oculomotor nerve
superior salivatory nucleus
inferior salivatory nucleus
dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Pars sacralis：
the second to 4th sacral
parasympathetic nucleus
Parasympathetic ganglion
• Head：ciliary ganglion、pterygopalatine ganglion、
• submandibular ganglion、auricular ganglion
• The ganglia lie at cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, vesical plexus and
uterovaginal plexus，and the ganglia lie at bronchus and the wall of digestive canal.
The parasympathetic neuron belong to cholinergic neuron, and most of them
contain VIP and CGRP and so on.
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parasympathetic nerve of cranial part
accessory nucleus of cranial nerve
oculomotor nerve
ciliary ganglion
ciliary muscle
contractor pupillae muscle
submandibular gland、
cranial chorda tympani submandibular ganglion
sublingual gland
nerve
Superior
great superficial
salivatory nucleus
pterygopalatine ganglion
lachrymal gland
petrosal nerve
cranial nerve
inferior
auricular ganglion
salivatory nucleus
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lesser petrosal nerve
external salivary gland
dorsal nucleus
of vagus
cranial nerve
Paraganglion of organ
intramural ganglion
thoracic cavity organs
abdominal cavity organs
（the intestine canal above
left colic flexure）
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parasympathetic nerve of pars sacralis
sacral
pelvic splanchnic
paraganglion of organs
parasympathetic nerves
nucleus
intramural ganglion
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intestine canal above
Left colic flexure and
pelvic cavity organs
the difference between sympathetic nerve and
parasympathetic nervous
sympathetic nerve
parasympathetic nerve
Lower center
thoracic part and
pars lumbalis
cranial part and pars sacralis
the position of
ganglion
paravertebral
ganglia
prevertebral
ganglia
Near the walls of the
innervated organs
distribution range
widespread
limited scope
effect
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The comparison of effect:
sympathetic nerve
parasympathetic nerve
heart
heartbeat speeding、blood
pressure rising
the heartbeat slows, blood
pressure decreases
pupil
scattering
diminution
bronchus
the smooth muscle relax，
and aperture become larger
the smooth muscle contract,
the aperture become smaller
stomach
intestine
the wriggle steps down
peristalsis reinforcement
detrusor muscle loosening,
sphincter muscle of urethra
contracting
detrusor muscle contracting,
sphincter dilatation
bladder
（storing urine）
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（urination）
splanchnic plexus
cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus
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celiac plexus
abdominal aortic plexus
hypogastric plexus
superior hypogastric plexus
inferior hypogastric plexus
（pelvic plexus）
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visceral sensory nerve
geniculate ganglion
peripheral
process
————cranial nerve
•solitary central process
inferior jugular ganglion —ossopharyngeal nerve →internal organ
tract
nucleus
—vagus nerve
inferior vagal ganglion
•spinal cord
（intermediomedia
l nucleus）
central
process spinal
peripheral
process
———sympathetic nerve
ganglia —parasympathetic nerve of pars sacralis →internal
organ
feature：
1. the pain threshold is higher.
2. dispersed visceralgia，the position isn’t exact.
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referred pain
When some internal organs had pathological changes,
hyperaesthesis or sense of pain usually emerged on some region
of body surface. This phenomenon is called referred pain.
afferent fibers of skin
（thoracic
segments1~5）
spinothalamic tract
thoracic
segments1~5
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dermatomic
area
substantia
gelatinosa
visceral afferent
fiber（thoracic
segments1~5）
the innervation of some critical organ
eyeball
sensory nerve
general sensation→nervi ciliaris longi→nasociliary nerve→ophthalmic
nerve→trigeminal nerves→brain stem→nucleus sensorius nervi trigemini
sympathetic nerve
spinal cordT1～T2lateral horn (preganglionic fibre)→thoracic and cervical
sympathetic trunk→superior cervical ganglion (exchange neuron) →
(postganglionic fibre) internal carotid plexus→cavernous plexus→ciliary
ganglion→dilator muscle of pupil and blood vessels
parasympathetic nerve
Midbraina ccessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve（E-W nucelus）
(preganglionic fibre) →oculomotornerve courser→ciliary ganglion (exchange
neuron)→postganglionic fibre） short ciliary nerve→pupil sphincter muscle
and ciliary muscle
•The excitation of sympathetic nerve of dominating eyeball will cause corectasis
and vasoconstriction of iris.
•The excitation of parasympathetic nerve will lead to constriction of pupil and
the contraction of ciliary muscle.
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Heart
sensory nerve
Algesthesia fiber（walk along sympathetic nerve, except superior cervical
cardiac nerve）→spinal cordT1～T4，T 5 segment
sensory fiber related to cardiac reflect（walk along vagus nerve） →enter
into brain stem
sympathetic nerve
the lateral cord of spinal cord T1～T4，T 5 segment（preganglionic fiber）
→the superior, middle and inferior ganglion of sympathetic trunk, and the upper
part of thoracic ganglia （exchange neuron）→give out from ganglion（the
superior, middle and inferior cervical cardiac nerve and thoracic cardiac
branches）→the posterior aspect and inferior aspect of aortic arch（with the
parasympathetic nerve come from vagus nerve）→cardiac plexus→heart
parasympathetic nerve
dorsal nucleus of vagus and ambiguous nucleus（preganglionic fibre）→walk
along the rami cardiaci of vagus →cardiac ganglia（exchange neuron）→heart
•The stimulation of sympathetic nerve dominating heart can induce tachycardia
and the relaxation of coronary vessels.
•The stimulation of vagus can induce bradycardia and the contraction of coronary
vessels.
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