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COGNITION: UNIT 7A—MEMORY Seven Dwarfs Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Bashful Cheerful Teach Wheezy Stubby Dopey Snify Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Lazy Pop Grumpy Shorty Nifty Happy Doc Do Now: Describe what it might be like to have no memory? Who would you be? How would your identity be affected? Complete Handout 7A-2 in your packet. Try to think of at least 5 self-defining memories. Share in small groups Relevant film to watch in your spare time: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Exercise: 7 Dwarfs Without any resources, name them. Consider & Discuss Difficulty of the task Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (incomplete retrieval) Organization of memory by sound, letter and meaning Recall versus recognition Memory: Learning that persists over time Baddeley Memory Experiment: Windows & Words Eyewitness Memory View the video 60 Minutes: Eyewitness. Discuss what this suggests about memory and eyewitness testimony. Do now: Did the Eyewitness video impact your sense of your own memory? If so, how? Recall List Experiment Instructions: Get Comfortable Close your eyes Follow the instructions Key terms: Primacy effect Recency effect Repetition Novel Stimuli The list of Words: Rest Bed Night Quilt Quiet Artichoke Toss Night Turn Relax Dark Moon Dream Key Terms & People How memory works: Encoding Storage Retrieval Memory Formation: A Model by Atkinson & Shiffrin Sensory Memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Working memory Exercise: Can you recite the second sentence of the Pledge of Allegiance? Easy mistake: Short-term memory only lasts a minute or so. Stuff we remember for days or weeks is in our working memory Automatic vs. Effortful Do Now: What does the book say about the effectiveness of cramming for tests? What are at least three good ways to get the most out of studying? Parallel processing – processing many aspects at once Automatic processing – unconscious encoding of time, space, frequency and well-learned info (let’s talk about those) Effortful processing Rehearsal Spacing effect Ebbinghaus: “The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.” Serial Position effect Primacy effect Recency effect Tools Mnemonics: What examples do you have that you’ve used? Chunking: Do you use this? How? SERIAL POSITION EFFECT + CHICKEN BUILD FINGER LISTEN ZIPPER THUNDER WORDS KNIFE FENCE DINNER ADAPT ROAD DETEST PHONE Did you remember ______? A. Yes B. No CHICKEN KNIFE BUILD FENCE FINGER DINNER LISTEN ADAPT ZIPPER ROAD THUNDER DETEST WORDS PHONE More Terms Visual encoding Acoustic encoding Semantic encoding Imagery Mnemonics Chunking Iconic memory Echoic memory Long-term potentiation (LTP) Flashbulb memory Amnesia Implicit memory Explicit memory Which is more important? Your experiences or your memories of them? MNEMONICS PRACTICE Eggplant Shampoo Mushrooms Hamburger Chicken Carrots Broccoli Cheese Cereal Apples Eggs Diapers Pizza Dogfood Soda pop Potato Chips Eggplant Shampoo How many did you remember? Mushrooms Hamburger A. 16 Chicken Carrots B. 15 Broccoli Cheese Cheerios Apples Eggs Diapers Pizza Dogfood Dr. Pepper Potato Chips C. 14 D. 13 E. Less than 13 Beer Baked Beans Tortillas Peas Grapefruit Batteries Cauliflower Yogurt French Fries Bagels Orange Juice Cinnamon Donuts Ice Cream Porkchops Toothpaste Beer Baked Beans How many did you remember? Tortillas Peas A. 16 Grapefruit Batteries B. 15 Cauliflower Yogurt French Fries Bagels Orange Juice Cinnamon Donuts Ice Cream Porkchops Toothpaste C. 14 D. 13 E. Less than 13 1 – Bun 2 – Shoe 3 – Tree 4 – Door 5 – Hive 6 – Sticks 7 – Heaven 8 – Gate 9 – Wine 10 – Hen Milk Jelly Hotdogs Celery Watermelon Apples Tea Oatmeal Lettuce Macaroni 1 – Bun 2 – Shoe 3 – Tree 4 – Door 5 – Hive 6 – Sticks 7 – Heaven 8 – Gate 9 – Wine 10 – Hen Milk Jelly Hotdogs Celery Watermelon Apples Tea Oatmeal Lettuce Macaroni How many did you remember? A. 10 B. 9 C. 8 D. 7 E. Less than 7 1 – Bun 2 – Shoe 3 – Tree 4 – Door 5 – Hive 6 – Sticks 7 – Heaven 8 – Gate 9 – Wine 10 – Hen Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 1 – Bun 2 – Shoe 3 – Tree 4 – Door 5 – Hive 6 – Sticks 7 – Heaven 8 – Gate 9 – Wine 10 – Hen Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Which mnemonic technique did you like the best? A. Loci B. Linking C. Pegwords Some looks at crazy memory stuff http://www.komonews.com/sports/heroes/TinySeahawks-fan-has-encyclopedic-knowledge-of-theteam-226058821.html Videos from Passport Wednesday: Psych Sims in Computer Lab Brain Games: Remember This Key people Richard Atkinson Alan Baddeley Fergus Craik Hermann Ebbinghaus Eric Kandel Jeffrey Karpicke Karl Lashley Elizabeth Loftus H.M. (Henry Molaison) Rajan Mahadevan George Miller Hendry Roediger Oliver Sacks Daniel Schacter James Schwartz Richard Shiffrin George Sperling Endel Tulving More key terms… Hippocampus Recall Recognition Relearning Priming Déjà vu Mood congruent memory Forgetting Proactive interference Retroactive interference Repression Memory Construction: Misinformation effect Source amnesia Do Now… Answer the following questions: 1. A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? 2. A hunter sees a bear 1 mile due south. He shoots, misses, and the bear runs off. The hunter walks the 1mile south to where the bear had been, then 1 mile due east, then 1 mile due north—at which point the hunter is standing again at exactly the same spot from which the gun had been fired. Question: “What color was the bear?” Answers: $1.05 for the bat and .05 for the ball (Intiution says $1 for the bat and .10 for the ball. (Demonstrations intuitive failure) If necessary, provide the additional question,“Where on the globe is the hunter? Where can one go, successively, 1 mile due south, then 1 mile due east, then 1 mile due north, and end up at the same place one started from?” Only the North Pole satisfies this requirement. The bear is a polar bear and thus white. (Breaking mental set) Unit 7B – Thinking, problem solving, creativity & Language Cognition Concept Prototype Algorithm Heuristic Insight Creativity Confirmation bias Fixation Mental set Functional fixedness Representativeness heuristic Availability heuristic Overconfidence Belief perseverance Intuition Framing Unit 7B – Key People Noam Chomsky Daniel Kahneman Wolfgang Kohler Wallace Lambert Steven Pinker Dean Keith Simonton B.F. Skinner Robert Sternberg Shelley Taylor Amos Tversky Peter Wason Benjamin Lee Whorf Mental Set Puzzles: Test Yourself 52 C in a D 12 S of the Z 90 D in a R A 88 K on a P 18 H on a G C 24 H in a D 7 W of the W 52 W in a Y Escaping Functional Fixedness Exercise: Groups of 4 (two sets of study buddies) Paper clip Bottle cap Popsicle stick Chewing gum Quick Quiz: Record your answers How many deaths were there in the US in 2006 due to firearms? A. > 100,000 B. 80,001 - 100,000 In the U.S., between 1997 and 2002, “2335 children… died in alcohol-related [automobile] crashes.” What percentage were riding in the same vehicle with the drinking/drunk driver? C. 60,001 - 80,000 A. > 79% D. 40,001 - 60,000 B. 60% - 79% E. < 40,000 C. 40% - 59% D. 20% - 39% What percentages were: Homicide Suicide Accidents E. < 20% In what percent of felony cases does the defendant enter an insanity plea? Answers E: Less than 40,000 (30, 896) Homicides 41% Suicides: 55% Accidents 4% B 60-79% (68% mostly unrestrained) Fewer than 1% This quiz demonstrates the availability heuristic. What we hear most about is what we believe to be true. Instructions: The class will be divided in half as directed Group A will look at the next slide while Group B puts their heads down and closes their eyes (no peeking, no sleeping!) Record your answer. Group B will look at the next slide while Group A puts their head down and closes their eyes (ditto above). Record your answer. Discuss results. Which would you choose? Imagine that you are on the jury of an only-child sole custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you decide to base your decision entirely on the following few observations. To which parent would you award sole custody of the child? Parent A, who has an average income, average health, average working hours, a reasonable rapport with the child, and a relatively stable social life, OR Parent B, who has an above-average income, minor health problems, lots of work-related travel, a very close relationship with the child, and an extremely active social life Which would you choose? Imagine that you are on the jury of an only-child sole custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you decide to base your decision entirely on the following few observations. To which parent would you deny sole custody of the child? Parent A, who has an average income, average health, average working hours, a reasonable rapport with the child, and a relatively stable social life, OR Parent B, who has an above-average income, minor health problems, lots of work-related travel, a very close relationship with the child, and an extremely active social life The only difference: Imagine that you serve on the jury of an only-child sole custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you decide to base your decision entirely on the following few observations. To which parent would you award sole custody of the child? To which parent would you deny sole custody of the child? Parent A, who has an average income, average health, average working hours, a reasonable rapport with the child, and a relatively stable social life, OR Parent B, who has an above-average income, minor health problems, lots of work-related travel, a very close relationship with the child, and an extremely active social life. Confirmation Bias: Whether asked to award or deny, we look for information to support those positions. Parent B has both more positive and more negative qualities than Parent A, but… we tend to look for the positive in the ‘award’ condition We tend to look for the negative in the ‘deny’ condition. Do now… Listen to the article about the Piraha What do you think would be: The greatest advantage of their system The greatest disadvantage of their system Other thoughts? Review: People with amnesia can still learn some things. Damage to the hippocampus: Left-side = difficulty with verbal information Right-side = difficulty with visual designs and locations Hippocampus is active during slow-wave sleep, storing memories The memories migrate elsewhere Cerebellum plays a role in storing implicit memories Infantile amnesia—little explicit memory before age 3 More review: Retrieval cues – bits of information we use to call memories back. Priming – words, sounds, images that activate concepts, even when we aren’t aware Déjà vu: Could be when a situation is loaded with retrieval cues OR the event is moderately similar to one we have stored OR a hiccup in dual-processing function State-dependent memory: Learn it drunk, remember it drunk Mood-congruent memory: Remember better when in the same mood How memory fails (7 sins) Forgetting: Absent-mindedness: inattention = encoding failure Transience: storage decay over time when unused Blocking: can’t access information Distortion: Misattribution: misremembering where we learned it Suggestibility: (Leading a witness; false memory) Bias: belief-colored recollections Persistence: unwanted memories Interference These can be confusing: Proactive Interference: Something we already learned interferes with learning something new. Prior learning disrupts encoding new info. Retroactive interference: New information makes it harder to recall earlier information. Positive transfer: When old information helps us learn new information Review the section on false memories and repressed memories Improving Memory SQ3R Study repeatedly Use the spacing effect Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse Study actively with notes and reflection Make material meaningful Use retrieval cues Use mnemonic devices Sleep more Test yourself 5 components of creativity (Sternberg) Expertise: Having a knowledge base Imaginative thinking skills (novel ways) A venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation Creative environment Note: It’s almost impossible to be creative if we are filling our space with noise and activity all the time. The mind needs to be still and free to roam Language Language Phoneme Morpheme Grammar Semantics Syntax Linguistic determinism (Whorf) http://www.ted.com/t alks/patricia_kuhl_the _linguistic_genius_of_b abies.html?utm_source =newsletter_weekly_2 011-0216&utm_campaign=ne wsletter_weekly&utm_ medium=email Language Development Receptive language Productive language Babbling stage One-word stage Two-word stage Telegraphic speech Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Explaining Language Development Skinner: Operant Learning Learning principles Association Imitation Reinforcement Explaining Language Development Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar Language acquisition device Universal grammar (building blocks of nouns and verbs in all languages) Whorf: Linguistic determinism. Language determines the way we think. Encoding: A Special Preprimer Wolfgang Kohler Psychologist Demonstrated that Sultan, a chimpanzee, experience sudden flashes of insight (aha! moments) in an experiment with use of short and long sticks to reach fruit that was beyond their reach Noam Chomsky Linguist One of the most cited persons in academia Believes language development is more than just learned behavior Believes people are born with a language acquisition device and a kind of universal grammar Sidenote: He is also a political activist who has written several books Robert Sternberg Noted for five components of creativity: Expertise (a well-developed base of knowledge) Imaginative thinking skills An adventuresome personality Intrinsic motivation A creative environment Kahneman & Tversky Cognitive psychologists noted for their work with: Representativeness heuristic (judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match prototypes (and stereotypes), which may lead us to ignore other relevant information, Availability heuristic (estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, leading to the assumption that such events are common) Awarded a 2002 Nobel Prize for their work on decision making Babbling Stage = beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. One-word Stage = the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. Two-word Stage = beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. Telegraphic Speech = early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs.