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Matter
Name: _______________
Hr: ___________________
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Goals
My Academic goal for this packet is……..
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4 things I can/will do to accomplish this goal.
___________________________________________________________________
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What is my BIG IDEA goal?
___________________________________________________________________
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Did I meet my goal in the previous unit?
Why/ Why Not? What were the obstacles?
___________________________________________________________________
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MATTER VOCAB
Matter- Anything that has mass and takes up space.
*Energy is NOT Matter
Atoms- An atom is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still
maintain the properties of that element.
Element- Pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary
chemical processes. Example: Gold, Silver, Oxygen, Hydrogen. 110 known elements in
the universe.
Protons- Positively charged particle located in the nucleus of the atom.
Neutron- A particle located in the nucleus of the atom with no electrical charge.
Electron- Negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus of the atom. The
number and arrangement of the electrons determine its chemical properties.
Nucleus- Protons and neutrons stick together to form this structure at the center of the
atom.
Molecules- When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule.
Compound- Two or more elements that have combined.
*Hint:-The term compound is used to describe a chemical substance in general, while the term molecule refers to the
smallest particle of the substance that has the same properties of the substance.
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Chemical bond- The force of attraction between atoms. Chemical bonds occur when
atoms either transfer or share electrons.
Chemical reaction- A process which converts one set of chemical substances into another.
Chemical formula- A way of describing the number of atoms that make up one molecule
of a compound. Example: H2O ( water)
CO2 ( carbon dioxide)
Reactant- The substance consumed during a chemical reaction.
Product -The substance formed during a chemical reaction.
Chemical equation- A way of writing changes in the arrangement of atoms during a
chemical reaction, using chemical symbols.
Example: 2H2 + O2  2H2O
2nd Shell Holds 8 ELECTRONS
1st Shell Holds 2 ELECTRONS
3nd Shell Holds 18 ELECTRONS
Valence Shell- Outer most area of atom. Holds Electrons
Ionic bond- Type of bond in which one or more electrons from one atom are transferred
to another atom. Sodium Chloride, ( salt) is an example of a compound that has ionic
bonds.
Covalent bond- Type of bond in which atoms share one or more electrons. Water is an
example of a compound that has a covalent bond
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Nucleus
Carbohydrate- A macromolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
Enzyme- A large biological molecule which helps to speed up chemical reactions.
Lipid- A naturally occurring molecule which include fats, waxes, oils, and phospholipids.
Macromolecule- A large biological molecule
Nucleic acid- A macromolecule made up of nucleotides; subunit of DNA and RNA.
Organic compound- Any chemical compound containing carbon.
Periodic table- A chart showing the chemical elements organized based on atomic number.
Protein- A macromolecule made up of amino acids; perform a variety of functions in
organisms.
Additional Notes:
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2-1Chemicals of Life
Learning Objectives

Define matter, element, and atom.
Introduction
If you pull a flower petal from a plant and break it in half, and take that piece and break it in half
again, and take the next piece, and break it half and so on and so on, until you cannot even
see the flower anymore — what do you think you will find? Scientists have broken down
matter, or anything that takes up space and has mass, into the smallest pieces that cannot be
broken down anymore. Rocks, animals, flowers, and your body are all made up of matter (see
Figure below).
Life on a rocky peak in the Waitakere Ranges.
Guided Learning
The Elements
Matter is made up mixture of things called elements. Elements are substances that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 100 known elements, and 92 occur
naturally around us. The others have been made only in the laboratory.
Inside of elements, you will find identical atoms. An atom is the simplest and smallest particle
of matter that still has chemical properties of the element. Atoms are the building block of all of
the elements that make up the matter in your body or any other living or nonliving thing. Atoms
are so small that only the most powerful microscopes can see them.
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Each element has a different type of atom, and is represented with a one or two letter symbol.
For example, the symbol for oxygen is O and the symbol for helium is He.
Atoms themselves are composed of even smaller particles, including positively charged
protons, uncharged neutrons, and negatively charged electrons. Protons and neutrons are
located in the center of the atom, or the nucleus, and the electrons move around the nucleus.
How many protons an atom has determines what element it is. For example, Helium (He)
always has two protons (Figure below), while Sodium (Na) always has 11. All the atoms of a
particular element have the exact same number of protons, and the number of protons is that
element's atomic number.
An atom of Helium (He) contains two positively charged protons (red), two uncharged
neutrons (blue), and two negatively charged electrons (yellow).
The Element Song can be heard at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYW50F42ss8 (1:25)
The Periodic Table
In 1869, a Russian scientist named Dmitri Mendeleev created the Periodic Table, which is a
way of organizing elements according to their unique characteristics, like atomic number,
density, boiling point, and other values (see Figure below). Each element has a one or two
letter symbol. For example, H stands for hydrogen and Au for gold. The vertical columns in the
periodic table are known as groups, and elements in groups tend to have very similar
properties. The table is also divided into rows, known as periods.
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The periodic table groups the elements based on their properties.
Chemical Reactions
A molecule is any combination of two or more atoms. The oxygen in the air we breathe is two
oxygen atoms connected by a chemical bond to form O 2, or molecular oxygen. A carbon
dioxide molecule is a combination of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Because carbon
dioxide includes two different elements it is a compound as well as a molecule.
A compound is any combination of two or more elements. A compound has different
properties from the elements that it contains. Elements and combinations of elements make up
all the many types of matter in the universe. A chemical reaction is a process that breaks or
forms the bonds between atoms.
For example, hydrogen and oxygen bind together to form water. The molecules that come
together to start a chemical reaction are the reactants. So hydrogen and oxygen are
reactants. The product is the end result of a reaction. In this example, water is the product.
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2-1Building Blocks of Life
Learning Objectives

Name the four main classes of organic molecules that are building blocks of life.
Organic Compounds
The chemical components of living organisms are known as organic compounds. Organic
compounds are molecules built around the element carbon (C). Living things are made up of
very large molecules. These large molecules are called macromolecules because “macro”
means large. Our body gets the organic molecules we need from the food we eat (Figure
below). Which organic molecules do you recognize from the list below?
The four main macromolecules found in living things, shown in Table below, are:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids
What are proteins and what do they do? can be seen at
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/howgeneswork/protein. What is DNA? can be viewed at
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna.
A healthy diet includes protein, fat, and carbohydrate, providing us with organic molecules.
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic
Acids
Elements
C,H,O,N,S
C,H,O
C,H,O,P
C,H,O,P,N
Examples
Enzymes,
muscle fibers,
antibodies
Sugar, Starch,
Glycogen, Cellulose
Phospholipids in
membranes, fats, oils,
waxes, steroids
DNA, RNA,
ATP
Monosaccharides
Often include fatty
Nucleotides
Monomer (small Amino acids
building block
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molecule)
(simple sugars)
acids
An overview of the molecules of the cell, can be viewed at Molecules of Life Video (10:46).
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are sugars or long chains of sugars. An important role of carbohydrates is to
store energy. Glucose (Figure below) is a simple sugar molecule with the chemical formula
C6H12O6.
A molecule of glucose (a carbohydrate).
Carbohydrates also include long chains of connected sugar molecules. Plants store sugar in
long chains called starch, whereas animals store sugar in long chains called glycogen. You get
the carbohydrates you need for energy from eating carbohydrate-rich foods, including fruits
and vegetables, as well as grains, such as bread, rice, or corn.
Proteins
Proteins are molecules that have many different functions in living things. All proteins are
made of small molecules called amino acids that connect together like beads on a necklace
(Figure below and Figure below). There are only 20 common amino acids needed to build
proteins. These amino acids form in thousands of different combinations, making 100,000 or
more unique proteins in humans. Proteins can differ in both the number and order of amino
acids. Small proteins have just a few hundred amino acids. The largest proteins have more
than 25,000 amino acids.
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Amino acids connect together like beads on a necklace.
Many important molecules in your body are proteins. Enzymes are a type of protein that speed
up chemical reactions. For example, your stomach would not be able to break down food if it
did not have special enzymes to speed up the rate of digestion. Antibodies that protect you
against disease are proteins. Muscle fiber is mostly protein (Figure below).
Muscle fibers are made mostly of protein.
General Structure of Amino Acids. This model shows the general structure of all amino
acids. Only the side chain, R, varies from one amino acid to another. KEY: H = hydrogen, N
= nitrogen, C = carbon, O = oxygen, R = variable side chain.
It’s important for you and other animals to eat food with protein because we cannot make
some amino acids ourselves. You can get proteins from plant sources, such as beans, and
from animal sources, like milk or meat. When you eat food with protein, your body breaks the
proteins down into individual amino acids and uses them to build new proteins. You really are
what you eat!
Lipids
Have you ever tried to put oil in water? They don’t mix. Oil is a type of lipid. Lipids are
molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes. The most common lipids in your diet are probably fats
and oils. Fats are solid at room temperature, whereas oils are fluid. Animals use fats for long11
term energy storage and to keep warm. Plants use oils for long-term energy storage. When
preparing food, we often use animal fats, such as butter, or plant oils, such as olive oil or
canola oil.
There are many more type of lipids that are important to life. One of the most important are the
phospholipids (see the chapter titled Cell Functions) that make up the protective outer
membrane of all cells (Figure below).
Phospholipids in a membrane.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are long chains of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a nitrogencontaining base, and a phosphate group. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid
(RNA) are the two main nucleic acids. DNA is the molecule that stores our genetic information
(Figure below). RNA is involved in making proteins. ATP (adenosine triphosphate), known as
the "energy currency" of the cell, is also a nucleic acid.
DNA, a nucleic acid.
To help you review, watch an overview of DNA video.
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Review
 Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances with
different properties.
 Elements have been organized by their properties to form the periodic table.
 Two or more atoms can combine to form a molecule.
 Molecules consisting of more than one element are called compounds.
 Reactants can combine through chemical reactions to form products.
 Enzymes can speed up a chemical reaction.
 Living things are made of just four classes of macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and nucleic acids.
Vocabulary
Atom The basic unit of matter; consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Atomic number The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that particular
element.
Carbohydrate A macromolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
Chemical reaction A process which converts one set of chemical substances into another.
Compound A pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different elements.
Electron A subatomic particle with a negative charge.
Element a pure chemical substance consisting of a single type of atom.
Enzyme A large biological molecule which helps to speed up chemical reactions.
Lipid A naturally occurring molecule which include fats, waxes, oils, and phospholipids.
Macromolecule A large biological molecule
Matter The substance that makes all physical objects; exists in four states: solid, liquid, gas,
and plasma.
Molecule A group of two or more atoms bonded together.
Neutron A subatomic particle with a neutral charge; found in the nucleus of an atom.
Nucleic acid A macromolecule made up of nucleotides; subunit of DNA and RNA.
Organic compound Any chemical compound containing carbon.
Periodic table A chart showing the chemical elements organized based on atomic number.
Product The substance formed during a chemical reaction.
Protein A macromolecule made up of amino acids; perform a variety of functions inorganisms.
Proton A subatomic particle with a positive charge; found within the nucleus of an atom.
Reactant The substance consumed during a chemical reaction.
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2-1 Guided Reading
Chemicals of Life
As you carefully read through the text, answer the following questions as completely as possible!
The Elements
1. What is matter? ____________________________________________________
2. List several examples of things that are made up of matter.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Matter is made up of a mixture of things called _______________________.
4. What are elements? _________________________________________________
5. What can you find inside elements? Describe this particle.
__________________________________________________________________
6. Each element has a different type of ______________________, and is represented
with a one or two letter ________________________.
7. What are atoms made up of? List the charges of each of these parts.
___________________ _______________________ ______________________
8. Explain where the protons, neutrons, and electrons are located in an atom.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. What is the atomic number?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
The Periodic Table
10. What is the periodic table? Describe how the periodic table is structured. _______
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Chemical Reactions
11. What is a molecule? Describe an example. ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
12. What is a compound? How are elements related to compounds? ________________
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2-2 Guided Reading
Building Blocks of Life
As you carefully read through the text, answer the following questions as completely as possible!
Organic Compounds
1. The chemical components of living organisms are known as ________________
______________________.
2. Organic compounds are molecules that contain the element ____________________.
3. Why are these organic molecules called “macromolecules?” ____________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. List the four main macromolecules found in living things. _________________,
__________________, _____________________, ______________________
Carbohydrates
5. Carbohydrates are _______________ or long chains of _______________.
6. What important role do carbohydrates play in living things?
7. What is the chemical formula for glucose?
8. Plants store sugar as long chains called ________________________.
9. List several types of carbohydrate-rich foods.
Proteins
10. Proteins are molecules that have many different ____________________ in
organisms.
11. All proteins are made of small molecules called __________________
________________, that connect together like a bead on a necklace.
12. How many common amino acids are needed to build a protein? __________________
__________________________________________________________________
13. Explain how proteins can differ from each other.____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
14. What are enzymes? What important role do enzymes play in the stomach?
__________________________________________________________________
15. Where do organisms get most of their amino acids? _________________________
__________________________________________________________________
16. Explain why “you really are what you eat!” _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Lipids
17. Lipids are molecules such as _____________, ________________, and waxes.
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18. Fats are ______________________ at room temperature, whereas oils are
_______________________.
19. What do animals use fats for?_________________________________________
20. What do plants use oils for? __________________________________________
21. What is one of the most important lipids for life? What do these special lipids form?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Nucleic Acids
22. Nucleic acids are long chains of ____________________________.
23. List the three things nucleotides are made up of. _________________,
_______________, __________________
24. List the two main types of nucleic acids. ____________ _____________
25. What is ATP?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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STATES OF MATTER
Fill in the table according to the 3 different states of matter. How they move and what shape they
take…
State of
Matter
Molecular
Motion
Shape
1) ______________: A combination of two or more atoms
2) ______________: Something used to represent something else
3) ______________: The “stuff” that makes up everything in the universe (except for energy)
4) ______________: The smallest unit of matter (means “uncuttable” in Greek)
5) ______________: A specific type of atom (there are 92 naturally occurring kinds)
Complete the following sentences:
6) Atoms combine to form_________________.
7) All matter is made out of _________________that are too small to see.
8) All atoms are in constant_________________.
9) The ____________ that an atom is moving determines whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas.
10) Adding energy in the form of _______________ will cause atoms to move faster.
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Write ‘A’ if the example is an atom or ‘M’ if the example is a molecule:
1. _______Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
2. _______Bleach (NaClO)
3. _______Gold (Au)
4. _______Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
5. _______ Laughing Gas (N2O)
6. _______Hydrogen (H)
7. _______Sugar Glucose (C6H12O6)
8. _______Helium (He)
Label the following diagrams as solid, liquid or gas.
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
Match the following descriptions with the three states of matter:
Solid: _____, ______, ______
Liquid: _____, ______, ______
Gas: _____, ______, ______
A) Has a definite volume (amount of space it takes up), but NOT a definite shape
B) NOT a definite volume or shape
C) Definite volume and shape
D) Packed in tightly and vibrates
E) Fast moving and far apart
F) Close together, but moves freely
G) Becomes this when a liquid cools
H) Becomes this when a solid is heated
I) Becomes this when a liquid is heated
1) What happens to the speed of particles at the temperature increases?
_____________________
2) What happens to the speed of particles at the temperature decreases?
____________________
3) What is diffusion? Does it happen faster in hot or cold temperatures?
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Making Molecules
Introduction: Matter is made of particles too small to see. These particles are
called atoms. This idea, known as the atomic theory, was developed by scientists
to explain how matter is formed and behaves. There are only 92 kinds of atoms
found in nature, but there are a lot more kinds of matter than this! How is this
possible?!
Fortunately, atoms come together to form bigger structures known as molecules.
These molecules make up most of the matter around us. In this activity, you will
make models of some common types of molecules.
Materials: Colored pencils, models
Procedure: Make a key for the color and atomic symbol of each type of atom you
will use. Color the circle next to the atom to show what color you will use. Then
Write the Atomic Symbol on the line provided
Hydrogen, ____
Chlorine, ____
Sodium, ____
Carbon, ____
Oxygen, ____
Nitrogen, ____
Just like you need to know how many eggs are in a cake, you need to know how
many atoms are in each molecule. This is known as a molecular formula. The
molecular formula for water is H20. Each letter represents a specific type of atom
(H for hydrogen and O for Oxygen). The number behind each letter tells us how
many of those atoms there are in the molecule. So, there are 2 hydrogen atoms
bonded to 1 oxygen atom. It would look like this:
H
H
O
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Making Molecules Cont’d
Directions: Using the color guide you made earlier, make models of the
following everyday items. After you make the molecule with the model, draw
it on your paper in the space below.
Molecular Formula
Draw Molecules Here
A. Water (H20)
B. Oxygen (O2)
C. Salt (NaCl)
D. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
E. Ammonia (NH3)
F. Methane (CH4)
G. Hydrogen Peroxide
(O2H2)
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Conservation of Mass
Chemical Equations
NOTES For PPT
1. Their Job: Depict the kind of _________________ and
___________________ and their relative amounts in a reaction.
4 Al (s) + 3 O2 (g) ---> 2 Al2O3 (s)
2. The numbers in the front are called _______________________
3. The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical states of compounds.
Representing:
___________________,________________________,______________
4. reactants – Pure substance/s that participates in ______________
________________
5. products – New pure substance/s that are made from _________________ in
a Chemical Reaction
6. Chemical reactions occur when bonds between the ________________ parts
of atoms are formed or broken
7. Chemical reactions involve ________________ in matter, the making of new
_________________ with new properties, and energy changes.
8. _________________ represent elements, formulas describe
_________________, chemical equations describe a chemical
__________________.
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Parts of an Equation
9. Chemical equations show the conversion of _____________________ (the
molecules shown on the left of the arrow) into
__________________________(the molecules shown on the right of the
arrow).
i. A + sign separates molecules on the same side
ii. The arrow is read as “yields”
Example:
C + O2  CO2
This reads “carbon plus oxygen react to yield carbon dioxide”
Chemical Equations
10. Because of the principle of the
_____________________________________________, an equation
must be __________________.
i. It must have the same number of atoms of the same
kind on both sides.
11. Symbols Used in Equations
H2SO4
a. Solid ______
e. Catalyst
b. Liquid (l)
f. Escaping gas ()
c. Gas ______
g. Change of
d. Aqueous solution (aq)
temperature ()
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Balancing Equations
12. When balancing a chemical reaction you may add
______________________ in front of the compounds to balance
the reaction, but you may not change the ___________________.
i. Changing the subscripts changes the compound.
Subscripts are determined by the valence electrons
13. The ____________________________ tell you how many atoms
of a particular element are in a compound. The
_________________________ tells you about the quantity, or
number, of molecules of the compound.
Write and Example for each:
Steps to Balancing Chemical Equations
14. There are four basic steps to balancing a chemical equation.
a. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
DO NOT TRY TO BALANCE IT YET! You must write the correct
formulas first. And most importantly, once you write them correctly
DO NOT CHANGE THE FORMULAS!
b. Find the number of atoms for each ____________________________
on the left side. Compare those against the number of the atoms of
the same _________________________ on the right side.
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c. Determine where to place _____________________ in front of
formulas so that the left side has the same number of atoms as the
right side for EACH element in order to balance the equation.
d. Check your answer to see if:
i. The numbers of atoms on both sides of the equation are now
___________________________.
ii. The coefficients are in the lowest possible whole number ratios.
15. Hints
a. Take one element at a time, working left to right except for
___________ and ____________. Save H for next to last, and do O last.
b. IF everything balances except for __________, and there is no way to
balance O with a whole number, double all the coefficients and try
again. (Because O is diatomic as an element)
Practice
1. ______ H2(g) + ______ O2(g) --->______ H2O(l)
What Happened to the Other Oxygen Atom?????
2. ______Al(s) + _______ Br2(l) ---> _______ Al2Br6(s)
3. ______C3H8(g) + ______O2(g) ---->______CO2(g) + _______ H2O(g)
4. ______B4H10(g) + _______O2(g) ---->______ B2O3(g) + _____ H2O(g)
5. ______Na3PO4 + _______Fe2O3 ----> ______Na2O + ______FePO4
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Having Trouble or need more Practice go to
http://funbasedlearning.com/ Then click on Classic
Chem Balancer and fill out the Wk sheet on pg. 15 of the
packet…
Fun Based Learning
Go to http://funbasedlearning.com/chemistry/chemBalancer/default.htm
Then Click Start Game
Questions
Fill in the blanks below as you go though the game. This is so I have a record that you did your
assignment. Not all equation are on this wk sheet
1. _____ Fe + _____ S --> _____ FeS
2. _____ H2 + _____ Cl2 --> _____ HCl
3. _____ Mg + _____ O2 --> _____ MgO
4. _____ O2 + _____ H2 --> _____ H2O
5. _____ HgO --> _____ Hg + _____ O2
6. _____ CH4 + _____ O2 --> _____ CO2 + _____ H20
7. _____ N2 + _____ H2 --> _____ NH3
8. _____ Al + _____ O2 --> _____ Al2O3
Try This Draw the molecules just like the program did to figure out the answer to #9 and #10.
9. _____ C6H12O6 + _____ O2 --> _____ CO2 + _____ H2O
10. _____CO2 + ______H2O --> _____C6H12O6 + _______O2
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Periodic Table Puns Familiarization
Use your imagination and the elements in the Periodic Table to solve each pun!
Example: Five cents - Nickel, Ni
1. What you do in a play _________________________ __________
2. What you do to a wrinkled shirt _________________________ __________
3. “Tasty” part of your mouth _________________________ __________
4. Someone who likes to start fires _________________________ __________
5. Superman’s weakness _________________________ __________
6. Your brother or mine _________________________ __________
7. Extinct _________________________ __________
8. Imitation diamond _________________________ __________
9. A type of flower _________________________ __________
10. Las Vegas lights _________________________ __________
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Hydrogen
Nucleus
Atom Info
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Carbon
Nucleus
Atom Info
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Oxygen
Nucleus
Atom Info
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Nitrogen
Nucleus
Atom Info
31
Chlorine
Nucleus
Atom Info
32
Sodium
Nucleus
Atom Info
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Color the Electrons Red
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Color the Neutrons Green
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Color the Protons Purple
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Exit Questions
1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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