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Interactions of Systems in Animals
Biology 2015
A. 28.1 Levels of Organization
1. Multicellular organisms are made of cells, but different cells in the organism have different
functions. Compare the shape of the neuron and red blood cells in figure 1.1 on page 816. How
the shape of the red blood cell and neuron (nerve cell) fit its function, specifically?
2. In terms of DNA, in what way are all of the cells in the body alike? What accounts for the
differences in these two cell types?
3. Almost all multicellular organisms arise from a single cell. What is the name of this single cell?
How many different cell types will it develop into in humans?
4. How does cell determination differ from cell differentiation?
5. Why do multicellular organisms need specialized cells?
6. Scientists organize multicellular structures into five basic levels (cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, organisms. What is a tissue?
7. List and briefly describe the four tissue types.
8. The lungs are and organ composed of all four tissue types. Describe the interaction of the tissues
in the lungs. What is the function of the cilia on the cells that make up the epithelial lung tissue?
9. What organ systems must work together to bring oxygen to the body’s cells?
10. Review the major organ systems, their functions, tissues and organs as you complete the chart (Use
figure 1.4 for help.)
B. 28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis
11. Enzymes produced by our cells that control trillions of chemical reactions taking place in our
body. Explain why we must maintain a temperature of about 96.6F.
12. Click on the animated biology link on p.822 and complete the “Keep the Athlete Running”
activity. How long did it take for your athlete to complete the course? What factors did you have
to manage closely to maintain homeostasis in the runner?
13. List and briefly describe four body-control systems.
14. Look at figure 2.1. What are the sensors are involved? What are the targets?
15. The four body control systems work together in a feedback loop. What is a feedback loop?
16. Most functions in the body are controlled by negative feedback loops, which counteract change to
return to a set point). Explain why you cannot hold your breath for long in terms of negative
feedback.
17. Positive feedback loops accelerate change away from a set point, which is not as common in the
body compared to negative feedback. Give an example of positive feedback.
C. 28.3 Interactions Among Systems
18. All of our organ systems form an interactive community and are controlled by feedback systems.
What systems are interacting in thermoregulation?
19. If the circulatory system is not functioning well, how might thermoregulation (temperature control)
in the body be affected?
20. Some changes may be too great or rapid for your body to control through feedback mechanisms.
Give two examples.
21. Complete “Data analysis” on p.829. (2 questions)
22. Diabetes is the failure to control glucose levels in the blood and is often caused by the failure of
the pancreas to do its job, which affects the whole body and is a long term disruption of
homeostasis. How is type I diabetes different from type II diabetes?
D. 29.1 How the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Communicate
23. The nervous and endocrine systems are the communication networks that allow you to respond to
the changes in your environment countless times each day. What is the job of the nervous system?
What is the job of the endocrine system?
24. How are the CNS and PNS alike and different?
E. 29.2 Neurons
25. The neuron is a specialized cell of the nervous system that produces and transmits signals. Sketch
a neuron. Label the axon, axon terminals, cell body, dendrite, nucleus, and myelin sheath. Also,
label the synapse between two neurons.
26. Why is it beneficial for a neuron to have more than one dendrite?
27. How does a neuron’s shape allow it to send signals across synapse?
28. What is “resting potential”? What “pump” helps to maintain resting potential?
29. What happens during an action potential?
30. How does an action potential get from one neuron to another across the synapse?
31. What are neurotransmitters? What might happen if a drug blocked neurotransmitter receptors?
F. 29.4 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
32. Review figure 4.2 on page 849. Using the illustration as a guide, determine what type of
information each scanned brain is processing.
33. What are the functions of the cerebellum, brain stem and a reflex arc?
G. 29.5 Brain function and Chemistry
34. Drugs alter brain chemistry. What causes sensitization and desensitization? Which leads to a
tolerance?
35. How do stimulants and depressants work?
H. 29.6 The Endocrine System and Hormones
36. Describe the function of the endocrine system.
37. What is the relationship between a hormone and a target cell?
38. How is the message sent along a neuron different from one sent by a hormone?
39. Review figure 6.2 on page 859. How do the ways in which steroid and nonsteroidal hormones
affect a cell differ?
40. What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system? The hypothalamus may receive a
signal from the nervous system, but type of signal does the hypothalamus send?
41. Why is the pituitary gland also known as the “master gland”?
42. Review figure 6.3 on page 861. Why is the bloodstream a good means for transporting hormones
such as growth hormone and calcitonin?
43. Create a graphic to show the negative feedback loop for the pancreatic hormones, insulin and
glucagon.
I. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy
44. What hormones are released by your hypothalamus and pituitary gland when you reach puberty,
casing the development of your sexual characteristics and reproductive system?
45. What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?
46. What is the function of estrogen in females?
47. Where is the egg released from when it is mature? Where does fertilization occur? Also refer to
Figure 2.2 p.980
48. Where does implantation of the fertilized egg occur?
49. Explain the function of the following parts of the male reproductive system: testis, scrotum,
epididymis, vas deferens.
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50. What is the function of the male hormone testosterone?
34.2 Reproductive Process
51. Egg production begins before birth. After puberty, about every 28 days, an increase in what
hormone will stimulate a potential egg to complete Meiosis?
52. What is a follicle? What is ovulation?
53. What is the menstrual cycle?
54. Briefly describe the three phases of the menstrual cycle.
55. When during the menstrual cycle can pregnancy occur?
56. What is the relationship of menstruation to ovulation
57. Sperm production occurs when what two hormones are released from the hypothalamus?
58. What does fertilization result in?
59. Briefly describe two STD’s that may affect fertility and overall health.
34.3 Fetal Development
60. The zygote will divide to eventually form a blastocyst. Define blastocyst. It will eventually
develop into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. What do each of these develop into?
61. What is the job of the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord in a baby’s development?
30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions
62. How does the respiration system work together with the circulatory system? What cellular process
requires oxygen?
63. List the structures of the pathway in which air travels, beginning in the mouth and ending in the
alveoli.
64. What is the function of the diaphragm?
65. Why are mucous and cilia present in the cells that line the respiratory system?
30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange
66. Describe gas exchange in the alveoli.
67. How does the alveoli’s structure relate to its function?
68. How is breathing controlled? Explain how the term negative feedback is involved in this process?
69. What are the effects of tobacco on the body?
30.3 The Heart and Circulation
70. Describe the structure of the human heart.
71. Color and label the heart diagram. Below the sketch and beginning with the right atrium, trace the
flow of blood through the heart using words and arrows.
72. How does the heart know to contract or beat?
73. What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport
74. Describe the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries in regard to function and structure.
75. How is each vessel adapted to its function? (ex: wall thickness or presence of valve)
76. Describe how to prevent cardiovascular disease.
77. What causes a heart attack? Distinguish between Hypertension and Atherosclerosis.
30.5 Blood
78. List the 4 major components of blood and their functions.
79. Review the chart on p.888. What type is the universal donor? Universal recipient? Why?
80. Describe how blood clotting occurs.
30.6 The Lymphatic System
81. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
82. What is a lymph node? Why might it become swollen?
R. 32.1 Nutrients and Homeostasis
83. Make a chart of the 6 major nutrients. Describe each nutrient, what it is used for in the body, and
what foods provide each nutrient.
84. What information besides the number of Calories can help you make good food choices?
S. 32.2 The Digestive System
85. Construct a table of the different organs, beginning with the mouth, and ending with the anus.
Include the accessory organs of digestion – the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. For each organ,
describe its structure, location and function in digestion.
86. What is the role of enzymes in a chemical reaction? See figure 2.3 page. 934
T. 32.3. Absorption of Nutrients
87. Describe the role of villi and microvilli in the small intestine.
88. What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine?
U. 32.4 Excretory System
89. What are the 3 main organs of excretion?
90. Describe the structure and function of the kidney.
91. How does the kidney cleanse the blood?
92. Describe the structure and function of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney?
93. Where is the concentration of urea greater? renal artery or renal vein?
94. Where is the concentration of water greater? renal artery or renal vein?
V. 33.1 Skeletal System
95. What are the cells, tissues, and organs of the skeletal system?
96. Why do you think that ligaments are found in the appendicular skeleton and not in the axial
skeletal system?
97. Study figure 1.4 page 958. How do both compact bone and spongy bone protect parts of the
circulatory system?
98. Where are the blood vessels located in bone?
W. 33.2 Muscular System
99. Study figure 2.2 smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue. List each type, along with where they
are found and key differences.
100. What is a sarcomere? Study figure 2.4 on page 963. Sketch and label a sarcomere.
101. How do muscles contract? List the events of the sliding filament theory.
X. 33.4 Integumentary System
102. Look at the human skin diagram figure 3.2 on page 969. List and describe the functions of the
epidermis, dermis, hair follicle, oil gland, pressure receptors, sweat glands, capillaries.
103. Complete Data Analysis on p.968 on skin cancer. (2 questions)