Download Appendicular Notes

12/16/2013
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
CHAPTER
7
Appendicular Skeleton
• Bones of the limbs and their girdles
• Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the
body trunk
• Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs
The Skeleton:
Appendicular
Skeleton
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Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)
Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
• Clavicles and the scapulae
• Attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• Provide attachment sites for muscles that
move the upper limbs
Scapula
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Bones of the pectoral girdle
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(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
Figure 7.24a
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Clavicles (Collarbones)
• Flattened acromial (lateral) end articulates
with the scapula
Sternal (medial)
end
• Cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates
with the sternum
Posterior
• Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms
out laterally
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.24b
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Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
• Situated on the dorsal surface of rib cage,
between ribs 2 and 7
Superior
angle
• Flat and triangular, with three borders and
three angles
• Seven large fossae, named according to
location
Subscapular
fossa
Lateral border
Medial border
Inferior angle
(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
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Figure 7.25a
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Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Acromion
Superior
angle
Acromion
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraspinous
fossa
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Medial border
Infraspinous
fossa
Lateral border
Subscapular
fossa
Posterior
(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect
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Anterior
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Figure 7.25b
Humerus
• 30 bones form the skeletal framework of each upper
limb
• Largest, longest bone of upper limb
• Humerus
• Forearm
Inferior angle
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The Upper Limb
• Arm
Subscapular
fossa
Figure 7.25c
• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of
scapula
• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
• Radius and ulna
• Hand
• 8 carpal bones in the wrist
• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
• 14 phalanges in the fingers
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Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Intertubercular
sulcus
Bones of the Forearm
Head of
humerus
Anatomical
neck
• Ulna
• Medial bone in forearm
• Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the
humerus
Deltoid
tuberosity
• Radius
• Lateral bone in forearm
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Radial
fossa
Capitulum
(a) Anterior view
• Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with
radial notch of ulna
Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
• Interosseous membrane connects the radius and ulna
along their entire length
Figure 7.26a
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Radial
notch of
the ulna
Head
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Proximal
radioulnar
joint
Interosseous
membrane
Ulna
Neck
Radial
tuberosity
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Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
View
Coronoid process
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Radial notch
(c) Proximal portion of ulna,
lateral view
Ulnar notch of radius
Articulation
for lunate
Articulation
for scaphoid
Styloid
process
Radius
View
Ulnar notch
Radius
of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid
Styloid
process of ulna
process
Distal radioulnar
Styloid process
of radius
joint
of radius
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Figure 7.27a-b
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Styloid
Head
of ulna process
(d) Distal ends of the radius and
ulna at the wrist
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Figure 7.27c-d
Hand: Carpus
Humerus
Capitulum
Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
• Eight bones in two rows
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Humerus
Olecranon
process
• Proximal row
• Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
proximally
• Distal row
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
• Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
distally
Medial
epicondyle
• Only scaphoid and lunate articulate with
radius to form wrist joint
Head
Neck
Radius
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Ulna
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Figure 7.26c-d
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Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges
Phalanges
• Distal
• Middle
• Proximal
• Metacarpus
• Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5) form the
palm
• Phalanges
• Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three
phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal
• Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the
thumb (pollex)
Sesamoid
bones
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Radius
• Thumb has no middle phalanx
Metacarpals
• Head
• Shaft
• Base
(a) Anterior view of left hand
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Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Carpals
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Pisiform
• Triquetrum
• Lunate
Ulna
Radius
(b) Posterior view of left hand
Figure 7.28a-b
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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
Base of sacrum
• Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os
coxae)
• Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong
ligaments
• Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
• Support pelvic organs
Iliac fossa
Coxal
bone
llium
(os coxae
or hip
Pubic
bone)
bone
• Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium,
ischium, and pubis
• Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these
bones form the bony pelvis
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Hip Bone
•
Three regions
1. Ilium
•
Superior region of the coxal bone
•
Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum
(sacroiliac joint)
2. Ischium
•
Posteroinferior part of hip bone
3. Pubis
•
Anterior portion of hip bone
•
Midline pubic symphysis joint
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Iliac crest
Sacroiliac
joint
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacral
promontory
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis
Ischium
Pubic arch
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable pelvis
Figure 7.29
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Anterior gluteal
Ilium
line
Ala
Posterior
Iliac crest
gluteal line
Posterior
Anterior
superior
superior
iIiac spine
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
Inferior
iliac spine
gluteal line
Greater sciatic
Anterior inferior
notch
iliac spine
Ischial body
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Pubic body
Lesser sciatic
notch
Pubis
Ischium
Inferior
ramus
Ischial
of pubis
tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
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Figure 7.30a
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Ilium
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Auricular
surface
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
Body of
iliac spine
the ilium
Arcuate line
Superior ramus
of pubis
Pubic tubercle
Articular surface
of pubis (at pubic
symphysis)
Ischial ramus
Inferior ramus
of pubis
(b) Medial view, right hip bone
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Figure 7.30b
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
• Adapted for childbearing
• True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth
canal
• Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and
has greater capacity
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Characteristic
• Male pelvis
• Tilted less forward
• Adapted for support of male’s heavier build
and stronger muscles
• Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
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• Female pelvis
Female
Male
Bone thickness
Lighter, thinner, and
smoother
Heavier, thicker, and more
prominent markings
Pubic arch/angle
80˚– 90˚
50˚– 60˚
Acetabula
Small; farther apart
Large; closer together
Sacrum
Wider, shorter; sacral
curvature is accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral
promontory more ventral
Coccyx
More movable; straighter
Less movable; curves ventrally
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Table 7.4
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Table 7.4
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The Lower Limb
• Carries the weight of the body
• Subjected to exceptional forces
• Three segments of the lower limb
• Thigh: femur
• Leg: tibia and fibula
• Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal
bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in
the toes
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Table 7.4
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Femur
Neck
Fovea
capitis
Greater
trochanter
Head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Gluteal tuberosity
• Largest and strongest bone in the body
• Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of
the hip and distally with the tibia and patella
Linea aspera
Apex
Anterior
Facet for lateral
condyle of femur
Facet for
medial
condyle
of femur
Lateral
condyle
Medial and
lateral supracondylar lines
Surface for
patellar
Posterior
ligament
(a) Patella (kneecap)
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial condyle
Adductor
tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Anterior view
Posterior view
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
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Bones of the Leg
• Tibia
• Medial leg bone
Figure 7.31
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Lateral condyle
Head
Proximal tibiofibular
joint
• Receives the weight of the body from the femur and
transmits it to the foot
• Fibula
• Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur
Intercondylar eminence
Medial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membrane
Anterior border
Fibula
Tibia
• Site of muscle attachment
• Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane
• Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular
joints
Distal tibiofibular
joint
Lateral malleolus
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
(a) Anterior view
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Figure 7.32a
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Articular surface
of medial condyle
Medial condyle
Articular surface of
lateral condyle
Head of fibula
Interosseous
membrane
Foot: Tarsals
• Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of
the foot
• Talus transfers most of the weight from the
tibia to the calcaneus
Tibia
Fibula
• Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the
medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
(b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.32b
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Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
• Metatarsals:
Distal
Middle
Proximal
• Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5)
• Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the
foot”
• Phalanges
• The 14 bones of the toes
• Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges
• Hallux has no middle phalanx
1
Medial
cuneiform
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
2
3
4
5
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Lateral
cuneiform
Cuboid
Tarsals
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view
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Figure 7.33a
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Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull
Frontal bone
Frontal suture
Anterior
fontanelle
• Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull
• Skull bones such as the mandible and frontal bones
are unfused
• At birth, skull bones are connected by fontanelles
• Fontanelles
• Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between
fetal skull bones
• Four fontanelles
• Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid
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Ossification
center
Posterior fontanelle
(a) Superior view
Parietal bone
Ossification
center
Posterior
fontanelle
Mastoid
fontanelle
(b) Lateral view
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Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal
fontanelle
Temporal bone
(squamous portion)
Occipital bone
Figure 7.35
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Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates
Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature
• At birth, the cranium is huge relative to the
face
• Thoracic and sacral curvatures are obvious at
birth
• At 9 months of age, cranium is ½ adult size
• These primary curvatures give the spine a C
shape
• Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but
lengthen with age
• Convex posteriorly
• The arms and legs grow at a faster rate than
the head and trunk, leading to adult
proportions
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Developmental Aspects: Old Age
• Intervertebral discs become thin, less
hydrated, and less elastic
• Risk of disc herniation increases
• Loss of stature by several centimeters is
common by age 55
• Costal cartilages ossify, causing the thorax to
become rigid
• All bones lose mass
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