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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham CHAPTER The Appendicular Skeleton • Pectoral girdle • Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk 8 • Pelvic girdle Part 1 Bones, Part 1: The Appendicular Skeleton Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk • Upper and lower limbs differ in function • Share the same structural plan Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pectoral Girdle The Pectoral Girdle • Consists of the clavicle and the scapula • Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body completely • Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb • Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile • Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib • Laterally—the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae • Scapulae do not join each other or the axial skeleton Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton • Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is shallow • Good for flexibility, bad for stability Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulated Pectoral Girdle Acromioclavicular joint Clavicles Sternal (medial) end Clavicle Scapula Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view Acromial end Anterior Trapezoid line Sternal end Posterior PLAY Tuberosity for costoclavicular ligament (c) Right clavicle, inferior view Conoid tubercle Shoulder Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Articulated pectoral girdle Figure 8.1a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1b, c 1 Scapulae Structures of the Scapula Acromion • Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage • Located between ribs 2–7 • Have three borders Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity • Superior • Medial (vertebral) • Lateral (axillary) Superior angle Subscapular fossa Lateral border • Have three angles Medial border • Lateral, superior, and inferior (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Scapula Suprascapular notch Inferior angle Figure 8.2a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Scapula Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Acromion Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Infraspinous fossa Supraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Infraspinous fossa Posterior Subscapular Spine fossa Infraspinous fossa Anterior Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Medial border Lateral border (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. (c) Right scapula, lateral aspect Figure 8.2b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Upper Limb Arm • 30 bones form each upper limb • Grouped into bones of the: • Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow • Humerus • Arm • Forearm • Hand Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • • • • Inferior angle Figure 8.2c The only bone of the arm Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Head of humerus Head of humerus Anatomical neck Anatomical neck Greater tubercle Surgical neck Intertubercular sulcus Radial groove Medial supracondylar ridge Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Lateral epicondyle (b) Posterior view Trochlea (a) Anterior view Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Medial epicondyle Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Ulna Radial tuberosity Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Humerus Humerus Olecranon fossa Olecranon process Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Lateral supracondylar ridge Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm: the elbow Trochlea Figure 8.3a, b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Radius (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Neck Radius (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Figure 8.3c, d Ulna and Radius • Formed from the radius and ulna • Proximal ends articulate with the humerus • Distal ends articulate with carpals • Ulna • • • • proximal and distal radioulnar joints Head Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Forearm • Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the Lateral epicondyle Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage Plays little to no role in hand movement • Radius • The interosseous membrane • Interconnects radius and ulna • In anatomical position; the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum • Medially—the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna • Contributes heavily to the wrist joint • Distal radius articulates with carpal bones • When radius moves, the hand moves with it Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Proximal Part of the Ulna Radius and Ulna Olecranon process Radial notch of the ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity Olecranon process Head of radius Coronoid process Neck of radius Radial notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Ulna Radius Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Olecranon process Trochlear notch Interosseous membrane Styloid process of radius (a) Anterior view Trochlear notch View Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Distal radioulnar joint Styloid process of ulna (c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulna Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Radius Styloid process Styloid process of ulna (b) Posterior view Styloid process of radius Figure 8.4a, b View Head of ulna Styloid process (d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.4c, d 3 Proximal Ends of the Radius and Ulna at the elbow Humerus Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Head of radius Trochlea Medial epicondyle Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Ulna Radial tuberosity Radius (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Hand • Includes the following bones Olecranon fossa Olecranon process Lateral epicondyle • Carpus—wrist • Metacarpals—palm • Phalanges—fingers Head Neck Radius (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Carpus Figure 8.3c, d Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Hand • Forms the true wrist—the proximal region of the hand • Gliding movements occur between carpals • Composed of eight marble-sized bones • Carpal bones • Are arranged in two irregular rows • Proximal row from lateral to medial • Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform • Distal row from lateral to medial • Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate • A mnemonic to help remember carpals: • Sally left the party to take Carmen home Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Carpals Hamate Capitate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate 5 4 3 2 1 Ulna (a) Anterior view of right hand Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Metacarpals Head Shaft Base Sesamoid bones Carpals Trapezium Trapezoid Scaphoid Radius 1 2 3 4 5 Carpals Hamate Capitate Triquetrum Lunate Ulna (b) Posterior view of right hand Figure 8.6a, b • Metacarpus • Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist • Metacarpals form the palm • Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb) • Articulate proximally with the distal row of carpals • Articulate distally with the proximal phalanges • Phalanges • Numbered 1–5, beginning with the pollex (thumb) • Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges • Proximal, middle, and distal Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.6b 4 Pelvic Girdle Attaches lower limbs to the spine Supports visceral organs Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur • Lower limbs have less freedom of movement • Are more stable than the arm • Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones) • Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other • Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum • • • • Table 8.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pelvic Girdle Base of sacrum Iliac crest Iliac fossa llium Coxal bone (os coxae or hip Pubis bone) Sacrum Coccyx Ischium (a) Pelvic girdle PLAY Pubic arch Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic brim Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pelvis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.8a Ilium • • • • • Consists of three separate bones in childhood • Ilium, ischium, and pubis • Bones fuse, retain separate names to regions of the coxal bones • Acetabulum • A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic surface Large, flaring bone Forms the superior region of the coxal bone Site of attachment for many muscles Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac joint Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ischium • Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone • Anteriorly—joins the pubis • Ischial tuberosities • Are the strongest part of the hip bone Pubis • Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone • Lies horizontally in anatomical position • Pubic symphysis • The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage at the midline • Pubic arch—inferior to the pubic symphysis • Angle helps distinguish male from female pelves Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip Bone Tubercle of the iliac crest Anterior gluteal line Posterior superior iIiac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Ischium Ilium Iliac crest Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine • Bony pelvis is divided into two regions Iliac fossa Inferior gluteal line Anterior inferior Anterior inferior iliac spine iliac spine Arcuate Acetabulum line Superior ramus of pubis Pubic tubercle Ischial spine Ilium Ilium Ala Posterior gluteal line Posterior superior iliac spine Pubis (b) Lateral view, right hip bone Pubis Inferior ramus of pubis Auricular surface • False (greater) pelvis—bounded by alae of the iliac bones • True (lesser) pelvis—inferior to pelvic brim • Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs Ischial spine Obturator foramen Ischium Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Inferior ramus of pubis Posterior inferior iliac spine Body of the ilium Pubic body Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus True and False Pelves Ischial ramus (c) Medial view, right hip bone Figure 8.8b, c Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. True and False Pelves Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pelvic Structures and Childbearing Plane through midpelvis • Major differences between male and female pelves Anterior abdominal wall False pelvis Pelvic brim, defining pelvic inlet Symphyseal surface Plane of pelvic outlet (b) True and false pelves Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. True pelvis Coccyx Figure 8.9b Female and Male Pelves Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing • Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male • Provides more room in the true pelvis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Female and Male Pelves Table 8.2 (1 of 2) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.2 (2 of 2) 6 The Lower Limb Thigh • Carries the entire weight of the erect body • Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb • Divided into three segments • The region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee • Femur—the single bone of the thigh • Thigh, leg, and foot Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Longest and strongest bone of the body • Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Femur Neck Fovea capitis Head Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Patella Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Linea aspera Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Intercondylar fossa Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle • Triangular sesamoid bone • Imbedded in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles • Protects the knee anteriorly • Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle (b) Femur (thigh bone) Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Anterior view Posterior view Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Leg • • • Figure 8.10b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Tibia and Fibula Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle Composed of the tibia and fibula • Tibia—more massive medial bone of the leg • Receives weight of the body from the femur • Fibula—stick-like lateral bone of the leg Interosseous membrane • Connects the tibia and fibula • Tibia articulates with femur at superior end • Forms the knee joint • Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end • Forms the ankle joint • Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint • Stabilizes the ankle joint Figure 8.11a, b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Structures of the Tibia and Fibula The Foot Lateral condyle Lateral condyle Fibula articulates here Tibial tuberosity Line for soleus muscle (d) Posterior view, proximal tibia (c) Anterior view, proximal tibia • Foot is composed of • Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges • Important functions • Supports body weight • Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking • Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to uneven ground Fracture sites (e) Fracture of both malleoli Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.11c–e Tarsus Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Phalanges of the Toes • • • • Makes up the posterior half of the foot Contains seven bones called tarsals Body weight is primarily borne by the talus and calcaneus Trochlea of the talus • Site of articulation with the tibia • Other tarsals are: • Cuboid and navicular • Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms • 14 phalanges of the toes • Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers • Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of fingers • Except for the great toe, each toe has three phalanges • Proximal, middle, and distal Metatarsus • Consists of five small long bones called metatarsals • Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux (great toe) • First metatarsal supports body weight Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Foot Bones of the Foot Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Navicular Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal 1 Medial cuneiform 2 3 4 Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Tarsals Talus Facet for medial malleolus Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal Metatarsals 5 Talus (b) Medial view Trochlea of talus Calcaneal tuberosity Calcaneus (a) Superior view Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.12a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.12b 8 Bones of the Foot Facet for lateral malleolus Arches of the Foot Navicular Intermediate cuneiform • Foot has three important arches Lateral cuneiform • Medial and lateral longitudinal arch • Transverse arch Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Fifth metatarsal (c) Lateral view PLAY Bones of the Foot Figure 8.12c Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Arches of the Foot Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Arches of the Foot Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch (a) Lateral aspect of right foot Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.13a Lower Limb and Pelvis Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.13b Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton • Bone fractures • Hip dysplasia • Head of the femur slips out of acetabulum • Clubfoot • Soles of the feet turn medially Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 8.3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life Changes in Body Proportions • Growth of the appendicular skeleton • Increases height • Changes body proportions • Upper/lower body ratio changes with age • At birth, head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as lower limbs • Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk • Upper/lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by age 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.15 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life • Few changes occur in adult skeleton until middle age, when • Skeleton loses mass • Osteoporosis and limb fractures become more common Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 10
