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© COOLTUR Romanesque art in Barcelona The Romanesque Feudalism was a social, political and economic system that was formed in Western Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries, a few centuries after the disintegration of the Roman Empire. Feudalism was characterized by the pacts of vassalage between the feudal lords and the King of each kingdom that were throughout Western Europe. In these agreements, the feudal lords promised allegiance to the king in exchange for economic privileges and power. Probably, for this reason, one of the great features of this system was the strong presence that had the Catholic Church, which enjoyed large share of power in all feudal kingdoms, and which was marked, quite clearly, the life of everybody. During the early centuries of feudalism (X-XIII) appeared in all realms, an artistic, cultural and architectural movement, the Romanesque. The Romanesque was the first movement since the collapse of the Roman Empire to have representation across the European territory. It must be said, therefore, that although this style was present in all European kingdoms, once introduced unique features in each kingdom. Although, with this style, several civil and military works were built, the main theme was the Church, being used to build a large number of monasteries and churches that are still standing today. The material used to construct these buildings, in this style, was the stone, a material characterized by its weight. It is for this reason that the buildings are, in general, thick walls, often reinforced with buttresses. In addition, another feature is the low presence of windows in the Romanesque buildings. The few windows present in these buildings are small openings to let inside these buildings a little light. In addition, this style reused Roman building techniques, such as arch. Another feature of the religious buildings of Romanesque style is that all of them have a bell tower, which is used to call prayer. We can also see how some churches presents the altar at the east of the building, as it was where entered the first light of day. Most of these buildings had a decoration inside and outside. The exterior decoration has deteriorated with the passage of time, leaving the walls views, as we know them today. © COOLTUR There are few buildings that still presented a decoration inside, as in the nineteenth century there was a big traffic of these decorations, some of which were sold to private collectors. Barcelona Barcelona is known for the Gothic and Modernism art, but we can find, also, some very interesting Romanesque remains hidden. Many of the Romanesque elements have disappeared for the successive reforms of the city. This period begins with the fall or Barcelona under the hands of the Carolingian Empire. The city won’t be any more part of the Caliphate of Córdoba. It will be a small part of the border, far away of the franc power core. Bishop was foremost the most important authority, with the counts, who designated the emperor for each border district. In the late ninth century some changes occur into the Carolingian Empire, where the Count started to become a hereditary titre, and in Barcelona, like other areas, appeared the firsts own lineages. These counts recognized the French monarch but in fact, they acted freely. In 950 Córdoba Caliphate started new alliances combined with regional offensive that promoted the assault and the destruction of Barcelona in 985 by Al-Mansur. In the eleventh century Barcelona entered with the non-renewal of allegiance with the King of France. At the same time, the Andalusia Caliphate began to be divided into different kingdoms of taifas. In this new situation of Andalusia Caliphate the Counts started a military pressure against these taifas that revert with monetary compensation. On the other hand, militarization and insecurity of land led to the acceleration of feudalism. Taking advantage of this situation, the Count of Barcelona was imposed on all other feudal lords. Over the next three centuries, the Barcelona dynasty made a military and political expansion that gave some importance in the western Mediterranean. After the destruction of the city by Al-Mansur, Barcelona entered into a period of auto regeneration with the creation of new markets and new parishes. Also, the emergence of suburbs outside the ancient Roman walls is a clearest example of the growing of this city. At the same time, the authorities started to privatize the ancient wall, where they built new palaces. At mid-twelfth century Barcelona became the capital of the new kingdom and its commercial and manufacturing activity received a decisive boost. In the thirteenth century all suburbs joined the city, leading to a real urban area, and a new wall was built around these new suburbs. From COOLTUR suggest you to make this tour through the Romanesque Barcelona. This tour will demonstrate that the Romanesque art is not only © COOLTUR for the rural areas, and also, you will see the transformation of Barcelona into the capital of the kingdom. We will start this tour at the Monastery of Sant Pau del Camp (Sant Pau Street 99). The first mention of Sant Pau dated from 985 but until 1117 it won’t be a monastery. It’s quite possible the existence of a monastery before 985. We think that because it had been found the tombstone of Guifré Borrell, Count of Barcelona, who died in 911. Also, we should remember that Al-Mansur raided the city in 985. The monastery became extinct in 1835, becoming parish until today. This building is a construction inspired by the Lombard advanced models of XII century, as a result of the second foundation. This building has a single nave topped with three apse (the central apse is bigger than the other two). The roof is a barrel vault topped by an octagonal dome. The main door is flanked by two columns with marble capitals with a vegetale decoration dating from the Visigoth period (VI-VII century). In the central eardrum we can see the figure of Christ flanked by Saint Peter and Saint Paul. At the foot of these figures there is a inscription in very poor conditions, that it’s possible to read the names or the promoters. Obviously, subsequent amendments, especially the XIV and XV century, as well as numerous restorations made after the ravages of the Civil War. The most notable feature is the cloister, a square and lobed arches (there are three or five lobes) supported by there are much © COOLTUR columns with figured capitals with plant motifs and storied fantastic animals, especially of Genesis. All this constitutes a unique set in Catalunya, dating from the thirteenth century and raised a relationship to alleged Muslim reminiscences. Go northeast along Sant Pau Street to the Carretes Street 28 m Turn left onto Carretes Street 400 m Turn right on Cera Street 23 m Turn to left on Botella Street 82 m Turn right by Pedró Square 37 m Turn Slight left to stay on Pedró Square 18 m We arrive at Plaza del Padró where we find the Chapel of Sant Llàtzer. Built in the twelfth century, this chapel was part of the dels Mesells Hospital, founded by Bishop Guillem de Torroja and dedicated to lepers. It has a semicircular apse decorated with a Lombard style. This apse has a semicircular window with archivolts and decorated capitals. In some archaeological excavation a set of tombs were found. Interestingly, although it was a leper hospital, the archaeologists didn’t find any skeleton with signs of leprosy. The chapel has undergone several modern reforms that give it its present appearance. Head over to the southeast by Pedró Square to Hospital Street 18 m Turn left on Hospital Street Go to the roundabout. 600 m Turn right on Las Rambles 18 m Turn left on Boqueria Street © COOLTUR 190 m Turn right on Avinyó Street 170 m Turn left on Cervantes Street 63 m Continue along Templers Street 50 m Turn right on Ataülf Street Destination will be on your right 25 m Capella del Temple, Santa María del Palau o Capilla del Palau is the name by which the ancient chapel of the House of the Temple of Barcelona is known. Templar settled in Barcelona in 1134, but not until the thirteenth century this movement became important. The chapel was consecrated in 1246. It was a single nave, with arches, now hidden by a late Gothic back that also hides remains of Romanesque painting. This chapel survived the end of the Templar and became part of the famous Royal Palace Menor built in the fifteenth century by Pere III. This palace was demolished in 1858. The door of the chapel comes from the Templar chapel but not on the original site and has undergone some changes, especially in 1868. We can see the archivolts and Romanesque corbels. Head over to the southeast by Ataülf Street onto Comtessa of Sobradiel Street 35 m Turn left on Calella Street 28 m Turn right on Regomir Street 72 m Turn left on Correu Vell Street 79 m Turn right and continue along Correu Vell Street 13 m Correu Vell Street, 12 In Correu Vell Street, 12 we will find a thirteenth century manor house transformed into residential home in XVIII century. Interestingly, we can still see © COOLTUR a double-arched windows located in the Romanesque tower. Go north on Traginers Square to the Pom d'Or Street 36 m Traginers Square turns right and becomes Pom d'Or Street 34 m Turn left on Sots - Tinent Navarro Street Destination will be on the left 180 m Sots - Tinent Navarro Street, 4 The building and the tower that we can see from Sots-Tinent Navarro Street corresponds to the rear of the Real Academia de les Bones Lletres located in the old Requesens Palace. This is basically a Gothic building that have suffered some reforms, but is quite possible, from the street, see the Romanesque building, which is supported by a large arcade that runs from tower to tower (XII-XIII century). You can see traces of its windows. The north tower is much restored, but is clearly distinguished as ancient Roman construction suffered a lift to the XIII century, when double-arched windows were added. © COOLTUR Go northwest on Sots - Tinent Navarro Street to the Àngel Square 33 m Turn left on Jaume I Street 44 m Turn right on Trompetes de Jaume I Street 27 m Continue along Veguer Street 56 m Turn right at Rei Square 12 m Rey Square The Count's Palace, or Royal Palace, was built in the XI century on an earlier building, with a Visigoth origin probably. Their classrooms were based on arcades arranged perpendicular to the old Roman wall. You can see the barrel vaults on the ground floor and two longitudinal sides of the building, two stories high. On this facades it’s possible to see the primitive windows, of the XI century, and some other windows of the XIII century. Some of these windows are boarded up because of renovations of the fourteenth century. This building represented the center of power of the Counts of Barcelona, in addition to their primary residence, over two hundred years. © COOLTUR Go southwest on Rei Square to the Veguer Street 12 m Continue on Baixada de Santa Clara Street 22 m Turn right on Comtes Street Destination will be on your right 41 m Plaza Sant Iu Before going to visit the Cathedral of Barcelona, we should know that the Romanesque temple, built in the mid-eleventh century, has disappeared almost entirely under the thirteenth century Gothic building. Archaeology has shown that the building of the thirteenth century was built at the same time that the oldest building was in use. As an example we can say that many of the foundations of the Gothic headquarters are exactly the same that had the Romanesque cathedral. Therefore, its current structure continues to be an extension of the previous temple and observe these matching items, as two of the doors. One of the side entrances of the Cathedral, known as the “Door of Sant Iu” we can find some Romanesque details. This door is one of the oldest Gothic constructions, and it’s possible to see a Romanesque influence on it. For many years this gate was the main entrance of the Cathedral. It seems that the name of this door was put in the fifteenth century because the image that we can see corresponds to Santa Eulàlia. It’s pretty sure that the reliefs on the door sides are from the Romanesque temple, where you can see the struggle of a man against a beast, carved in the twelfth century. Inside the actual temple, near this door, there are some parts of the Romanesque temple included in the Gothic building. It is a wall with narrow windows framed with columns, located in the sacristy. Superimposed on this, we can see a large room with a barrel vault roof from the Romanesque temple. Also, inside the cathedral, we can see how the doorway leading into the cloister is a Gothic portal that integrated some Romanesque elements. This portal was made with italic white marble taking a Romanesque aspect. Some experts believe that this is one of the side doors of the Romanesque temple (during the © COOLTUR twentieth century different authors have argued that this was the main door of the Romanesque temple that was moved to be the cloister door in the Gothic temple). This door has archivolts decorated with geometric patterns and capitals, the imposts and the abacuses are sculpted themes from the Old and New Testaments (shown the struggle of man against beast, resembling the door of Sant Iu). Go northwest on Bisbe Street to the Garriga i Bachs Square 34 m Bisbe Street 5 We arrive at Palau del Bisbe, the Episcopal residence in Barcelona since 1160. This building is formed for two wings with three floors on each wing. The yard wasn’t closed by the main façade. To build the first wing they used the Roman wall as a support. The second wing, built in the thirteenth century, was perpendicular to the Roman wall. The gallery of arches and capitals, located in the main floor, was built in the late twelfth century or early thirteenth century. The reforms that this building has suffered during the twentieth century difficult to distinguish the original parts. Go northeast to Santa Llúcia Street Destination will be on the left 69 m Santa Llúcia Street 1 © COOLTUR In front of the Cathedral we can see Torre de la casa del Degà, a tower that was part of the Roman wall. The house of the deans was built with a Romanesque style but in the fourteenth century it was reformed. By 1420 the building was partially demolished to open the Ctahedral Square. This building still has dualarch windows dating from the twelfth century. Head over to the northeast by Santa Llúcia Street to Pla de la Seu Street 27 m Turn left on Pla de la Seu Street 48 m Turn right onto De la Catedral Avenue 24 m Catedral Avenue, 6 We can see a polygonal tower of the Roman wall that it was part of the Canonja, also known as Pia Almoina. The Romanesque palace, built in the eleventh century, was the residence of the canons until the midfourteenth century. In the fifteenth century two buildings were added as a headquarters of the Almshouse, a charitable organization existing since 1009. The Romanesque remains of the Canonja are limited to the double-arched windows located on the polygonal tower. Go southwest on Catedral Avenue 34 m Turn left at Tapineria Street 110 m Tapineria Street turn left and renamed Ramón Berenguer el Gran Square 21 m Turn slightly right. © COOLTUR 22 m Ramón Berenguer el Gran Square In this Square we can see the Romanesque arches. Built in the twelfth century, when the Roman wall lost its defensive function, to support the new buildings to be constructed. During the fourteenth century the construction of the royal chapel of Santa Agata demolished the oldest buildings that were here. Go southeast towards the Ramón Berenguer el Gran Square 26 m Turn left on Ramón Berenguer el Gran Square 20 m Turn right on Via Laietana 38 m Turn left at Bòria Street 78 m Continue along Llana Square 53 m Continue along Corders Street 80 m Continue along Carders Street 5m Carders Street, 2 The Marcus Chapel is a chapel built in Lombard style in the XIIXIII centuries. This chapel take the name of Bernat Marcus, the builder of a hospital and a shelter for the poor. This chapel and its © COOLTUR cemetery were part of these hospital. These buildings were built near the France road. This wasn’t a coincidence, because Marcus had a network business with France. In fact, their horsemen initiated travel from this place, which also became customary to change horses. For these reasons the chapel was dedicated to the Virgin of the Guide. In the fourteenth century the chapel became the headquarters of the “Torters Brotherhood” and it was the starting point of the first mail tour in Europe. In 1401 the five hospitals that Barcelona had were centralized in the Santa Creu Hospital. This fact made disappear the Marcus Hospital and only the chapel has survived. During the eighteenth century the apse of this chapel was removed to let some space for the new buildings. Also, the roof, the steeple and the windows of the main façade were renovated during the nineteenth century with a neoclassical style. Go northeast toward Carders Street to Giralt Pellicer Street 10m Turn left on Giralt Pellicer Street 48 m Turn left on Colomines Street Destination will be on your right 45 m Colomines Street 1 The current Santa Caterina Market is built on the former convent of Santa Caterina, one of the largest convents in the city. In 1219, through a request made by the Bishop of Barcelona, Berenguer de Palou, the Dominicans were established in the city. This new brotherhood received some houses of the old Jewish quarter. © COOLTUR The success of the preachers was such that in 1223 the city magistrates gave them some land outside the walls. This land included an old chapel dedicated to Santa Caterina. Alson, the same year, King Jaume I granted the title of Real Monastery community. Dominicans started to build a new convent in 1243, and ended in 1268. They built a church that had three apses and a nave. The other existing structures were reformed too. Also, the land used as a cemetery was replaced by a Gothic cloister in 1252. This convent was extended and gained a lot of importance along the XIV-XVIII centuries. In 1823 part of the convent was demolished to open the Freixures Street. Also the night of 25 July 1835, the building was set on fire during the incident of burning convents. In 1848 Santa Caterina Market was opened. Inside the market you can still visit some of the remains of the original convent. Head over to the northeast by Colomines Street onto Sant Jacint Street 43 m Turn right on Giralt Pellicer Street 48 m Turn left at Carders Street 200 m Continue straight onto Sant Agustí Vell Square 65 m Turn left on Basses de Sant Pere Street 19 m Turn Slight right to stay on Basses de Sant Pere Street 110 m Girad to left on Sant Pere Square 47 m Sant Pere Square The Parish Church of Sant Pere was, until the nineteenth century, the Benedictine monastery of Sant Pere de les Puelles. © COOLTUR This monastery is usually attributed to Carolingian Emperor Louis the Pious, in the early ninth century. But the truth is that the documentation of the foundation indicates us that the foundation of this church was made in the middle of the tenth century under the patronage of Count Sunyer and his wife Countess Riquilda. The act of consecration of the church took place on 945. The new church replaced the existing church of Sant Sadurní. In 985 the convent was destroyed by Al-Mansur. After this, Count Borrell sponsored the reconstruction of the church of Sant Sadurní. There are some documental evidences that in 1143 this church had a cloister of two floors high. Kings benefited the monastery with numerous donations during its heyday (XIII century), although the number of nuns was limited to 50. During this period, the area of the cloister was reformed and built the famous bell known as the "Torre dels Ocells"(Tower of the Birds). © COOLTUR During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the convent received many bombings, and became part of the frontline during the Spanish Succession War. Yet he survived on careful restorations. During the nineteenth century, this convent lived different changes. In 1909, I the context of the Setmana tràgica de Barcelona (tragic week of Barcelona), this convent was burned and looted. The present church is the result of a restoration of 1911 which changed the interior and the façade of the building, reaching distort parts of the Romanesque and Gothic period. It’s possible to see the original columns with Corinthian capitals, some imposts arc with reliefs of the tenth century near the presbytery and the Blessed Sacrament, and barrel vaults and the dome of the XII century. The central apse is the fifteenth century, but restoration gave a Romanesque appearance. Some remains of the late Romanesque cloister are preserved in MNAC (National Art of Catalonia Museum). From COOLTUR wish you enjoyed this tour, and you'll have a very good day. © COOLTUR