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1. Which of the following molecules orient themselves into sandwichlike membranes because of hydrophobic components within the molecule. a. Amylose b. Glycogen c. Cellulose d. Phospholipids e. Protein 2. In the series of metabolic reactions shown above, C’ catalyzes the conversion of C to D, and C2’ catalyzes the conversion of C to J. Assume product E is an allosteric effector the inhibits enzyme D’. Normally, products E and L are consumed by other reactions. Which of the following would likely happen if product E were not consumed by other reactions? a. The net rate of production of product B would decrease. b. The net rate of production of product C would decrease. c. The net rate of production of product D would decrease. d. The net rate of production of product J would decrease. e. The net rate of production of product K would decrease. 3. 4. In the series of metabolic reactions shown above, C’ catalyzes the splitting of C and D and J. Assume that product E is an allosteric effector that inhibits enzyme C’. If product E were not consumed in a subsequent reaction, which of the following would likely happen? a. The rate of production of product D would increase. b. The rate of production of product E would increase. c. The rate of production of product J would increase. d. The rate of production of product L would increase. e. The rate of production of all products D, E. J, K, and L would decrease. Each of the following molecules is a polymer EXCEPT: a. Protein b. Glucose c. Cellulose d. Starch e. Glycogen 5. For the graph given above, the two curves describe the potential energy of substances during the progress of a chemical reaction. All of the following items could apply to this graph EXCEPT: a. Curve B could be showing the influence of an enzyme. b. The sum of energy in the products of the reaction is less than the sum of the energy in the reactants. c. The activation energy of this reaction could be given by X + Y + Z. d. This reaction graph could describe the reaction ATP ADP = Pi. e. This is an exergonic reaction. Questions 6 – 10 refer to the molecules below. 6. A monosaccharide 7. A polysaccharide 8. A polypeptide 9. An amino acid 10. A major component of cell membranes 11. Hydrophilic properties are characteristic of all of the following EXCEPT: a. Polar molecules b. Molecules soluble in water c. Molecules that readily ionize in water d. The long hydrocarbon chain components of some molecules e. The hydroxyl group 12. All of the following are carbohydrates EXCEPT: a. Polypeptide b. Glycogen c. Amylose d. Glucose e. Polysaccharide 13. The cellular structure that is involved in producing ATP during aerobic respiration is the a. Nucleus b. Nucleolus c. Chloroplast d. Mitochondrion e. Endoplasmic reticulum 14. Which of the following cellular structures are common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Ribosomes b. Nucleoli c. Chloroplasts d. Mitochondria e. Golgi bodies 15. The plasma membrane consists principally of a. Proteins embedded in a carbohydrate bilayer b. Phospholipids embedded in a protein bilayer c. Proteins embedded in a phospholipids bilayer d. Proteins embedded in a nucleic acid bilayer e. Proteins embedded in a polymer of glucose molecules 16. When the concentration of solutes differs on the two sides of a membrane permeable only to water, a. Water will move across the membrane by osmosis b. Water will move across the membrane by active transport c. Water will move across the membrane by plasmolysis d. Water will move across the membrane by facilitated diffusion e. Solutes will move across the membrane from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration 17. All of the following characterize microtubules EXCEPT: a. They are made of the protein tubulin. b. They are involved in providing motility. c. They are organized by basal bodies or centrioles. d. They develop from the plasma membrane. e. They make up the spindle apparatus observed during cell division. 18. Lysosomes are a. Involved in the production of fats b. Involved in the production of proteins c. Involved in the production of polysaccharides d. Often found near areas requiring a great deal of energy (ATP) e. Involved in the degradation of cellular substances 19. Mitochondria a. Are found only in animal cells b. Produce energy (ATP) with the aid of sunlight c. Are often more numerous near areas of major cellular activity d. Originate from centrioles e. Are microtubule organizing centers Use the following key for questions 20 - 24. Each answer in the key may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. B. C. D. E. Active transport Bulk flow Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Plasmolysis 20. Movement of solutes across the membrane from a region of higher solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration with the aid of proteins. 21. Movement of water across a membrane from a region of higher concentration of water to a region of lower concentration of water. 22. Movement of water out of a cell resulting in the collapse of the plasma membrane. 23. Movement of urine through the urinary tract. 24. Movement of solutes across a plasma membrane requiring the addition of energy. 25. The movement of molecules during diffusion can be described by all of the following EXCEPT: a. Molecular movements are random. b. Net movement of solute molecules is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. c. Each molecule moves independently of other molecules. d. Solute molecules always move down the concentration gradient. e. Net movement of gas molecules is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 26. Plant and animal cells differ mostly in that a. Only animal cells have mitochondria. b. Only animal cells have flagella and cilia with a “9 + 2” microtubule arrangement. c. Only plant cells have plasma membranes with cholesterol. d. Only plant cells have cell walls. e. Only plant cells have ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. 27. A smooth endoplasmic reticulum exhibits all of the following activities EXCEPT: a. Assembling amino acids to make proteins b. Manufacturing lipids c. Manufacturing hormones d. Breaking down toxins e. Breaking down toxic cellular by-products 28. All of the following are known to be components of cell walls EXCEPT: a. Actin b. Chitin c. Polysaccharides d. Cellulose e. Peptidoglycans 29. A saturated suspension of starch is enclosed in a bag formed from dialysis tubing, a material through which water can pass, but starch cannot. The bag with the starch is placed into a beaker of distilled water. All of the following are expected to occur EXCEPT: a. There will be a net movement of water from a hypotonic region to a hypertonic region. b. There will be a net movement of solute from a hypertonic region to a hypotonic region. c. There will be a net movement of water from a region of higher concentration of water to a region of lower concentration of water. d. The dialysis bag with its contents will gain weight. e. No starch will be detected outside the dialysis bag. 30. As shown above, a tube covered on one end by a membrane impermeable to sucrose is inverted and half filled with distilled water. It is then placed into a beaker of 10% sucrose to a depth equal to the midpoint of the tube. Which of the following statements is true? a. The water level in the tube will rise to a level above the water in the beaker. b. The water level in the tube will drop to a level below the water in the beaker. c. There will be no change in the water level of the tube, and the water in the tube will remain pure. d. There will be no change in the water level of the tube, but sucrose will enter and mix with the water in the tube. e. The concentration of the sucrose solution will increase. 31. Which of the following is the original source of all energy used by nearly all organisms on earth? a. ATP b. Plants c. Heat d. The sun e. Water 32. Which of the following statements about photosynthetic pigments is true? a. There is only one kind of chlorophyll. b. Chlorophyll absorbs mostly green light. c. Chlorophyll is required in the CalvinBenson cycle. d. Chlorophyll is found in the membranes of thylakoids. e. P700 is a carotenoid pigment. 33. When deciduous trees drop their leaves in the fall, the leaves turn to various shades of red, orange, and yellow. The source of these colors is a. Chlorophyll b. Carotenoids c. ATP d. Fungal growth e. Natural decay of cell walls 34. A product of noncyclic photophosphorylation is a. NADPH b. H2O c. CO2 d. ADP e. AMP 35. Which of the following molecules contains the most stored energy? a. ADP b. ATP c. NADPH d. Glucose e. Starch 36. All of the following occur in cyclic photophosphorylation EXCEPT: a. Electrons move along an electron transport chain. b. Electrons in chlorophyll become excited. c. ATP is produced. d. Light energy is absorbed. e. NADPH is produced. Questions 7 – 11 refer to the lettered answer choices below. Each answer may be used one, more than once, or not at all. A. Cyclic photophosphorylation B. Noncyclic photophosphorylation C. Photolysis D. Calvin-Benson cycle E. C4 photosynthesis 37. Releases oxygen 38. Stores energy obtained from light into NADPH 39. A metabolic pathway that involves movement of substances between two kinds of cells 40. Occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast 41. The ultimate source of electrons used in making a molecule of glucose. Questions 42-45 refer to the diagram below. The two boxed represent the two major biosynthetic pathways in C 3 photosynthesis. Arrows represent reactants or products. 42. Arrow 1 could represent a. ATP b. H2O c. NADPH d. O2 e. CO2 43. Arrow 3 would represent a. NADPH b. ADP c. Glucose d. O2 e. Electrons 44. Arrow 4 could represent a. NADPH b. ADP c. Glucose d. O2 e. Electrons 45. Arrow 7 represents a. ATP b. Glucose c. NADPH d. Light e. CO2 46. All of the following are true about photosynthesis EXCEPT: a. The Calvin-Benson cycle usually occurs in the dark. b. The majority of the light reactions occur on the stroma membranes in the chloroplast. c. Light energy is stored in ATP. d. A proton gradient drives the formation of ATP from ADP + Pi. e. Glucose (or another 6-carbon sugar) is made during the photosynthetic process. 47. How is C4 photosynthesis different from C3 photosynthesis? a. C4 plants require less water for photosynthesis than do C3. b. C4 plants can photosynthesize better in lower levels of light than can C3 plants. c. C4 plants are more efficient CO2 fixers than are C3 plants. d. In C4 plants, chlorophyll P680 is more efficient than it is in C3 plants. e. Because C4 plants have special alkaloids (toxic substances), C4 plants are able to resist pests better than are C3 plants. Questions 48 – 49 refer to the graph below that reports measurements of pH in plant leaves during a 36-hour period. 48. The changes in pH over the 36-hour period could indicate that acid products were being a. Produced at night b. Produced during the day c. Produced at night and degraded during the day d. Produced during the day and degraded at night e. Produced during the night and day but degraded only at night 49. The graph could be illustrating which of the following processes? a. CAM b. Calvin-Benson cycle c. C4 photosynthesis d. Noncyclic photophosphorylation e. Photolysis 50. What is the value of the alcoholic fermentation pathway? a. It produces ATP. b. It produces lactate (or lactic acid). c. It produces ADP for the electron transport chain. d. It replenishes CO2 for the dark reaction. e. It replenishes NAD+ so that glycolysis can produce ATP.