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Presentation in the
2nd International Energy Conference
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2013
Technical and feasibility analysis
of gasoline and natural gas fuelled vehicles
by
Dr Charalambos A. Chasos,
Prof. G.N. Karagiorgis and Prof. C.N. Christodoulou
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Frederick University
8 October, 2013,
Nicosia, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
1
CONTENTS
•INTRODUCTION
- Objectives
- Rationale
•METHODOLOGY
– Technical Power
modelOptions for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November
– Economical
model2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
•RESULTS
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
– Case study
– Technical analysis
– Economical analysis
•CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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INTRODUCTION: - Objectives




Examine adaptation of natural gas vehicles in large
scale
Assess the emissions levels with the two different
types of vehicles (gasoline and natural gas)
Assess the feasibility of large scale adaptation of
natural gas vehicles
Recommend practices for adaptation of natural gas
vehicles for replacing conventional vehicles
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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INTRODUCTION: - Rationale





Large natural gas reserves in the Cyprus EEZ
Fossil-fuel dependent economies, and renewable
and alternative fuels usage including natural gas
could be beneficial
Climate change phenomena are severe and
measures and investigations for reducing harmful
emissions are expected
Why? Lower and cleaner emissions (uHC, smoke,
particles, CO, NOx) are required
How? Carry out technical and economical analysis
for POEM
natural
gas
vehicles
adaptation
2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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METHODOLOGY: - Technical model
• The technical model uses:
- the physical properties of the two fuels (Gasoline and
natural gas)
- the thermal efficiency of gasoline and natural gas
ICE .
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
• The technical
model
November
2012,calculates:
Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEMof
2012
Conference
19-21
November natural gas in
- The quantity
mass
of
the
required
Limassol, Cyprus
Kg per year2012,
which
is to be supplied to the natural gas
fuelled vehicles
- The resulting CO2 exhaust gas emissions
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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METHODOLOGY: - Technical model
Equation
Parameter
the annual total energy of the imported
fuel, Qf is the annual total quantity of
gasoline
fuel
imported
for
transportation
Power Options for the Easternthe
Mediterranean
annual energy produced by all the
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
vehicles, and n is the thermal efficiency
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
of gasolineRegion
ICE
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
the quantity of mass of the required
natural gas in Kg per year which is to
be supplied to the natural gas fuelled
vehicles
f
NC is the number of carbon atoms for
the fuel, MCO2 is the molecular weight
of carbon dioxide, and Mf is the
molecular weight of the fuel
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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METHODOLOGY: - Economical model
• The economical model uses:
- The quantity of mass of the required natural gas in
Kg per year which is to be supplied to the natural gas
fuelled vehicles
(calculated from the technical model)
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
- The number
of the
natural
vehicles fleet
November
2012,
Limassol, gas
CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM
2012
Conference 19-21 November
- The natural
gas
price
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
- The discount rate and inflation rate
- The number of natural gas filling stations
- The length of the natural gas piping network
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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METHODOLOGY: - Economical model
• The economical model calculates:
- The capital cost of the large scale investment by the
Republic
Power
Options for
the Eastern
Mediterranean
- The annual
income
from
the
natural
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 gas fuel sales
2012,
CyprusPower fines
and annualNovember
savings
inLimassol,
CO emissions
Options for the Eastern 2Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012
Conference
19-21of
November
-The net present
value
(NPV)
the investment
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
-The internal rate of return of the investment
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Case study
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
• The available natural gas reserves of Cyprus EEZ can
replace other fossil fuels (Diesel and Gasoline) and
avoid
fuel
imports
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Case study
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
• Natural gas pipeline network planned development on
the south coast of Cyprus for power generation.
• For large scale adaptation of natural gas vehicles, natural
gas piping network with special filling stations will be
required to be erected.
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Case study
• The largest amount of fuel import is for gasoline
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Case study
• The majority of vehicles is fuelled with gasoline
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Case study
• Data for the analyses
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Scenarios
The analysis is performed on an annual basis and a 25
years period of operation of the new technology from
the base year is examined. For the base year 2013,
average data for a year to present was used.
• At the first scenario, 25 % of the gasoline ICE vehicles
fleet to be replaced
new
natural
gas vehicles
Power Optionsby
for the
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November
2012, Limassol,
• At the second
scenario,
50 %CyprusPower
of the gasoline ICE
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
vehicles fleet
to2012
be Conference
replaced19-21
byNovember
new natural gas
POEM
vehicles 2012, Limassol, Cyprus
• At the third scenario, all 100% of the gasoline ICE
vehicles fleet to be replaced by new natural gas
vehicles
The effect of the reduced selling price of natural gas by
25 % and 50% on the investment is also studied.
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Technical analysis
Quantity of fuel as function of the number of introduced
natural gas vehicles.
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Technical analysis
Quantity of emitted CO2 from gasoline and natural gas
vehicles as function of the number of introduced
natural gas vehicles
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Economical analysis
Net present value of the investment as function of the
introduced number of natural gas vehicles for each
scenario
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Economical analysis
Internal rate of return of the investment as function of the introduced
number of natural gas vehicles for each scenario
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Economical analysis
Net present value of the investment as function of natural gas selling
price for the scenario of the introduction of 200000 natural gas
vehicles
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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RESULTS: - Economical analysis
Internal rate of return of the investment as function of natural gas
selling price for the scenario of the introduction of 200000
natural gas vehicles.
Power Options for the Eastern Mediterranean
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• When natural gas fuel is employed, then the mass of
fuel required to empower vehicles is slightly reduced.
• Introducing natural gas vehicles will result in reduced
carbon dioxide emissions, thus the new technology will
contribute to the reduction of the greenhouse effect.
Options
for the Eastern
Mediterranean
• IntroducingPower
natural
vehicles
at large
scale will result in
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
avoiding theRegion
imports
ofLimassol,
fossil CyprusPower
fuel for transportation
November 2012,
for
theCyprus
Eastern Mediterranean
Region
applicationsOptions
and
the
national
economy will be
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
benefited, since
almost
25 % of fuel imports are used
2012, Limassol,
Cyprus
for transportation.
• The investment in large scale adaptation of natural gas
vehicles will require a complete new infrastructure
which will rely on other technologies such as
liquefaction plants and natural gas storage and
transportation system.
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• The investment is expected to be feasible, given that substantial
number of new natural gas vehicles are introduced.
• The adaptation of the new technology is expected to be gradual and
incentives by the EU and the local government should be given to the
consumers, in order to achieve large scale adaptation of natural gas
vehicles.
Power Options
for the gas
Eastern
Mediterranean
• Further investigations
of natural
ICE
are required in order to
Region
POEM
2012
Conference
19-21
achieve improved
engine2012,
designs
optimised
to operate with natural
November
Limassol,
CyprusPower
gas which is expected
tothe
improve
thermal efficiency
Options for
Eastern Mediterranean
Region and life
POEM
2012 Conference
19-21 November
expectancy of the
engine.
The investigations
include experiments,
2012,
Limassol,
Cyprus
simulations and analysis of direct-injection natural gas ICE operating
at increased compression ratio and with advanced supercharging
systems.
• Further economical analysis is recommended including examination
of operation and maintenance costs of the infrastructure of natural
gas fuelling, as well as associated costs for the utilization of the
envisaged liquefaction plant for the supply of the fuel.
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Power
OptionsFOR
for the Eastern
Mediterranean
THANK
YOU
YOUR
ATTENTION
Region POEM 2012 Conference 19-21
November 2012, Limassol, CyprusPower
Options for the Eastern Mediterranean Region
POEM 2012 Conference 19-21 November
2012, Limassol, Cyprus
QUESTIONS
POEM 2013 International Energy Conference, 7 – 8 October 2013, Hilton Hotel, Nicosia, Cyprus
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