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Physics 111: Mechanics Lecture 14 Dale Gary NJIT Physics Department Life after Phys 111 The course material of Phys 111 has given you a taste of a wide range of topics which are available to you as a student. Prerequisite is Phys 121 or Phys 121H. For those of you who have an interest in gravitation/astronomy, I suggest the following electives: For those of you interested in the biological or BME/medical aspects, I suggest the following electives: Phys 320, 321 – Astronomy and Astrophysics I and II Phys 322 – Observational Astronomy Phys 350 – Biophysics I, Phys 451 - Biophysics II For those of your interested in light, optics, and photonics, I suggest the following elective which Federici will be teaching this fall and Fall 2014: OPSE 301 – Introduction to Optical Science and Engineering Oscillatory Motion Periodic motion Spring-mass system Differential equation of motion Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) Energy of SHM Pendulum Torsional Pendulum 5/2/2017 Periodic Motion Periodic motion is a motion that regularly returns to a given position after a fixed time interval. A particular type of periodic motion is “simple harmonic motion,” which arises when the force acting on an object is proportional to the position of the object about some equilibrium position. The motion of an object connected to a spring is a good example. 5/2/2017 Recall Hooke’s Law Hooke’s Law states Fs = -kx Fs is the restoring force. It is always directed toward the equilibrium position. Therefore, it is always opposite the displacement from equilibrium. k is the force (spring) constant. x is the displacement. What is the restoring force for a surface water wave? Restoring Force and the Spring Mass System In a, the block is displaced to the right of x = 0. The position is positive. The restoring force is directed to the left (negative). In b, the block is at the equilibrium position. x = 0 The spring is neither stretched nor compressed. The force is 0. In c, the block is displaced to the left of x = 0. The position is negative. The restoring force is directed to the right (positive). 5/2/2017 Differential Equation of Motion Using F = ma for the spring, we have ma -kx But recall that acceleration is the second derivative of the position: d 2x a So this simple force equation is an example of a differential equation, d 2x m 2 -kx dt dt 2 d 2x k or - x 2 dt m An object moves in simple harmonic motion whenever its acceleration is proportional to its position and has the opposite sign to the displacement from equilibrium. Acceleration Note that the acceleration is NOT constant, unlike our earlier kinematic equations. If the block is released from some position x = A, then the initial acceleration is – kA/m, but as it passes through 0 the acceleration falls to zero. It only continues past its equilibrium point because it now has momentum (and kinetic energy) that carries it on past x = 0. The block continues to x = – A, where its acceleration then becomes +kA/m. 5/2/2017 Analysis Model, Simple Harmonic Motion d 2x k What are the units of k/m, in a - x 2 dt m ? They are 1/s2, which we can regard as a frequency-squared, so let’s write it as k 2 m Then the equation becomes A typical way to solve such a differential equation is to simply search for a function that satisfies the requirement, in this case, that its second derivative yields the negative of itself! The sine and cosine functions meet these requirements. a - 2 x 5/2/2017 SHM Graphical Representation A solution to the differential equation is x(t ) A cos(t f ) A, , f are all constants: A = amplitude (maximum position in either positive or negative x direction, = angular frequency, k m f = phase constant, or initial phase angle. T A and f are determined by initial conditions. Remember, the period and frequency are: 2 1 f T 2 5/2/2017 Motion Equations for SHM x(t ) A cos(t f ) dx v(t ) - A sin(t f ) dt d 2x a (t ) 2 - 2 A cos(t f ) dt The velocity is 90o out of phase with the displacement and the acceleration is 180o out of phase with the displacement. 5/2/2017 SHM Example 1 Initial conditions at t = 0 are x (0)= A v (0) = 0 This means f = 0 The acceleration reaches extremes of 2A at A. The velocity reaches extremes of A at x = 0. 5/2/2017 SHM Example 2 Initial conditions at t = 0 are x (0)= 0 v (0) = vi This means f = - / 2 The graph is shifted one-quarter cycle to the right compared to the graph of x (0) = A. 5/2/2017 Consider the Energy of SHM Oscillator The spring force is a conservative force, so in a frictionless system the energy is constant Kinetic energy, as usual, is K 12 mv2 12 m 2 A2 sin 2 t f The spring potential energy, as usual, is U 12 kx2 12 kA2 cos2 t f Then the total energy is just E K U 12 kA2 (a constant) 5/2/2017 Transfer of Energy of SHM The total energy is contant at all times, and is E 12 kA (proportional to the square of the amplitude) Energy is continuously being transferred between potential energy stored in the spring, and the kinetic energy of the block. 2 5/2/2017 Simple Pendulum The forces acting on the bob are the tension and the weight. T is the force exerted by the string mg is the gravitational force The tangential component of the gravitational force is the restoring force. Recall that the tangential acceleration is d 2 at r L L 2 dt This gives another differential equation d 2 g g -m sin -m (for small ) 2 dt L L 5/2/2017 Frequency of Simple Pendulum The equation for is the same form as for the spring, with solution (t ) max cos( t f ) where now the angular frequency is g L 2 L 2 so the period is T = g Summary: the period and frequency of a simple pendulum depend only on the length of the string and the acceleration due to gravity. The period is independent of mass. 5/2/2017 Torsional Pendulum Assume a rigid object is suspended from a wire attached at its top to a fixed support. The twisted wire exerts a restoring torque on the object that is proportional to its angular position. The restoring torque is t -k k is the torsion constant of the support wire. Newton’s Second Law gives d 2 t I -k I 2 dt d 2 k dt 2 I Section 15.5