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Study Guide for “Organisms and Their Environment” Test (Ecosystems and Food Webs) All living things are called organisms. All plants and animals are organisms. All organisms must live in a certain environment. The environment where an organism lives must meet its needs. The specific environment where an organism lives is its habitat. The right habitat will provide an organism with the things it needs to survive (shelter, food, water, etc.). Organisms interact in a habitat. A group of organisms that can reproduce offspring that is like themselves is called a species. One member of a species is called an individual. A group of organisms of the same species in a certain area at a certain time is a population. Different populations of organisms in a community interact with each other. All the organisms in an environment and how they interact with each other and the non-living parts form an ecosystem. Plants make their own food, so they are called producers. Plants make their own food using a process called photosynthesis. Sunlight is captured by the chlorophyll in the leaves of the plant. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through tiny holes called stomata. During photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide mix together inside the leaves of the plant and, with energy from the sun, changes the mixture into a type of sugar that the plants use for food. Plants give off oxygen that is made during photosynthesis. Animals need oxygen to survive. Plants produce oxygen, so plants help animals survive. Plants and animals help each other survive in a process called the carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle. Animals inhale (breathe in) oxygen, and exhale (breathe out) carbon dioxide, a process that is called respiration. The plants take in the carbon dioxide, and use it in photosynthesis. Then the plants give off oxygen. Animals are consumers because they eat other organisms. Animals that only eat plants are called herbivores. Animals that only eat meat are called carnivores. Animals that will eat already dead animals are called scavengers. Animals that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. Animals that feed on dead plants, dead animals, and animal wastes are called decomposers. They break things down and return nutrients to the soil or water. Animals that hunt are called predators. Animals hunted by other animals are called prey. Consumers Predator Prey Energy that organisms need to survive originally comes from the Sun. The path of energy from the Sun to a plant to an animal to another animal is represented in a food chain. The arrows always point to the animal that is receiving or getting the energy. This is called energy transfer. Less and less of the original energy from the Sun is transferred to each organism in the chain. Animals can be part of many different food chains. A group of food chains that overlap is called a food web.