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Q1. Mutations can occur in genes. Mutations can cause genetic disorders in humans. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder caused by a gene mutation. People with PKU produce an inactive enzyme. The normal base sequence and the mutated base sequence which can cause PKU are shown below. normal base sequence ............ C T C G G C C C T............ mutated base sequence ............ C T T G G C C C T............ (i) Describe how the changes that have occurred in the mutated base sequence produce an inactive enzyme. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(ii) Explain how the mutated base sequence will result in an inactive enzyme being produced during protein synthesis. 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Q2. Bears A small number of fossil bones from a very large bear was found in South America in 1935. The bones were estimated to be about one million years old. Scientists used these bones to predict the shape and size of the bear. The diagram shows the bear and a person who is 165 cm tall. (a) (i) Estimate the height of the bear. (2) answer = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm (ii) Which process occurs in animal cells that results in growth? (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Explain why scientists can only make predictions about the size and shape of animals when working from fossil evidence. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. * (c) Some species of bears eat leaves. Describe how the structure of a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis. 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Q3. (a) Barium sulfate contains barium ions, Ba2+ sulfate ions, SO42– (i) Give the formula of barium sulfate. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Give the meaning of the term ion. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) This is an X-ray photograph of part of a patient's body. Before the photograph was taken a suspension of barium sulfate was introduced into his body to show the required part. Many barium salts are toxic. Barium sulfate is insoluble in water. Explain why it is safe for the patient to have barium sulfate in his body. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) Barium sulfate is prepared by reacting barium chloride with sodium sulfate. The barium sulfate is formed as a precipitate. Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of barium sulfate, starting with barium chloride crystals and sodium sulfate crystals. (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ............................................................................ ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ............................................................................. (d) Barium reacts with chlorine to produce barium chloride, BaCl2. Write the balanced equation for this reaction. (2) ............................................................................. (Total for Question = 12 marks) Q4. * Two elements in group 1 of the periodic table are lithium and sodium. Very small pieces of lithium and sodium were reacted separately with water. Describe the similarities and differences in what is seen and in the products of the reactions. 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Q5. (a) The diagram shows an electric circuit with two resistors, R and S. (i) R has a resistance of 11 ohms. Calculate the potential difference across R. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use information from the diagram to calculate the current in S. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A student wants to measure the battery voltage with a voltmeter. The voltmeter should be placed (1) A in series with the battery B in parallel with the battery C in parallel with the ammeter D in series with either resistor R or S (b) Explain why the temperature of a resistor increases when a current passes through it. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) A resistor is a circuit component. Two other circuit components are a light dependent resistor (LDR) and a thermistor. Explain how LDRs and thermistors can be used to control the current in a circuit. 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(Total for Question is 12 marks) Q6. (a) Here is the velocity-time graph for a car for the first 20 s of a journey. (i) Calculate the change in velocity of the car during the first 5 s. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Calculate the acceleration of the car during the first 5 s. (2) acceleration = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m/s2 (iii) State the size of the resultant force between 10 s and 15 s (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) The mass of a car is 1200 kg. Calculate the resultant force on the car required to produce an acceleration of 0.8 m/s2. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) A car, travelling at 20 m/s, with just the driver inside takes 70 m to stop in an emergency. The same car is then fully loaded with luggage and passengers as well as the driver. Explain why it will take a different distance to stop in an emergency from the same speed. 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(Total for Question = 12 marks)
