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ACTIVITIES
1. Finish Cells 15-16 Multiple Choice
2. Cells 23 Osmosis Concept Map
3. Cells 27 #1-9

Turn in #3 & show me #1 & 2
4. Osmosis Problem Set
TISSUES
Introduction,
Epithelial &
Connective
TISSUES
 Definition
 Histology
 100+ kinds in the human body
TISSUES
 4 primary tissue classes
1. Epithelial
 Covering
2. Connective
 Support
3. Muscle
 Movement
4. Nervous
 Communication
Nervous tissue: Internal communication
• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement
• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
• Muscles of heart (cardiac)
• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different
environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
• Skin surface (epidermis)
• Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs,glands
Connective tissue: Supports, protects, binds
other tissues together
• Bones
• Tendons
• Fat and other soft padding tissue
Blood
Figure 4.1
TISSUES
 2 components in all types
1. Cells
2. Nonliving extracellular matrix
TISSUES
 Differences between classes and subclasses of
tissues
 Types of cells
 Matrix
 Relative volume of cells to matrix
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Membranes that cover and line
 Everything that enters or leaves body passes through or
between epithelial cells
 Examples
 Skin
 Body cavity linings
 Glands
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Characteristics
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Cells closely packed  form continuous sheets
Little space between cells
Polarity
Supported by connective tissue
Avascular but innervated
 Exception = glandular tissue is vascular
f. Regeneration
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Subtypes
1. Covering and lining
2. Glandular
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Glands
 One or more cells that produce secretions
 Multicellular glands
a. Exocrine = ducts
b. Endocrine = ductless
Goblet Cell
Microvilli
Secretory
vesicles
containing
mucin
Rough ER
Golgi
apparatus
(a)
Nucleus
(b)
Figure 4.4
GLANDS
Exocrine glands
 More numerous than endocrine glands
 Secrete products into ducts
 Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into
body cavities
 Examples
 Mucous, sweat, oil, digestive secretions and saliva
Tubular
secretory
structure
Simple duct structure
Compound duct structure
(duct does not branch)
(duct branches)
Simple tubular
Simple branched
tubular
Example
Example
Compound tubular
Intestinal glands
Stomach (gastric)
glands
Duodenal glands of small intestine
Example
Alveolar
secretory
structure
Simple
alveolar
Simple branched
alveolar
Compound alveolar
Example
Example
Example
No important
example in humans
Sebaceous (oil)
glands
Mammary glands
Surface epithelium
Duct
Compound
tubuloalveolar
Example
Salivary glands
Secretory epithelium
Figure 4.5
GLANDS
Endocrine glands
 Ductless glands
 Secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood
 Examples
 Pituitary, thyroid and pancreas
SURFACE EPITHELIUM
 Sheets of cells overlying a non-cellular fibrous layer
 Named according to
 Number of layers
 Shape of mature cells
(b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
Description: Single layer of
cubelike cells with large,
spherical central nuclei.
Simple
cuboidal
epithelial
cells
Function: Secretion and
absorption.
Basement
membrane
Location: Kidney tubules;
ducts and secretory portions
of small glands; ovary surface.
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal
epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).
Figure 4.3b
Apical surface
Basal surface
Simple
Apical surface
Basal surface
Stratified
(a) Classification based on number of cell layers.
Figure 4.2a
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
(b) Classification based on cell shape
Figure 4.2b
SURFACE EPITHELIUM
 Simple
a.
b.
c.
d.
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified
Most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration
(not protection)
(a) Simple squamous epithelium
Description: Single layer of flattened
cells with disc-shaped central nuclei
and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest
of the epithelia.
Air sacs of
lung tissue
Function: Allows passage of
materials by diffusion and filtration
in sites where protection is not
important; secretes lubricating
substances in serosae.
Nuclei of
squamous
epithelial
cells
Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs
of lungs; lining of heart, blood
vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining
of ventral body cavity (serosae).
Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium
forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (125x).
Figure 4.3a
(b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
Description: Single layer of
cubelike cells with large,
spherical central nuclei.
Simple
cuboidal
epithelial
cells
Function: Secretion and
absorption.
Basement
membrane
Location: Kidney tubules;
ducts and secretory portions
of small glands; ovary surface.
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal
epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).
Figure 4.3b
(d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Description: Single layer of cells of
differing heights, some not reaching
the free surface; nuclei seen at
different levels; may contain mucussecreting cells and bear cilia.
Cilia
Mucus of
mucous cell
Pseudostratified
epithelial
layer
Function: Secretion, particularly of
mucus; propulsion of mucus by
ciliary action.
Location: Nonciliated type in male’s
sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of
large glands; ciliated variety lines
the trachea, most of the upper
respiratory tract.
Trachea
Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x).
Basement
membrane
Figure 4.3d
SURFACE EPITHELIUM
 Stratified
a.
b.
c.
d.
Squamous
Transitional
Columnar (rare)
Cuboidal (rare)
Protection is major role
(e) Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: Thick membrane
composed of several cell layers;
basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
and metabolically active; surface
cells are flattened (squamous); in the
keratinized type, the surface cells are
full of keratin and dead; basal cells
are active in mitosis and produce the
cells of the more superficial layers.
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Function: Protects underlying
tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Nuclei
Location: Nonkeratinized type forms
the moist linings of the esophagus,
mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety
forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry
membrane.
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium
lining the esophagus (285x).
Figure 4.3e
(f) Transitional epithelium
Description: Resembles both
stratified squamous and stratified
cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or
columnar; surface cells dome
shaped or squamouslike, depending
on degree of organ stretch.
Transitional
epithelium
Function: Stretches readily and
permits distension of urinary organ
by contained urine.
Location: Lines the ureters, urinary
bladder, and part of the urethra.
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining the urinary
bladder, relaxed state (360X); note the bulbous, or rounded,
appearance of the cells at the surface; these cells flatten and
become elongated when the bladder is filled with urine.
Figure 4.3f
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 A very diverse group of tissues
 Most abundant type of tissue in body
 Binds and supports other tissues
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Other functions
1. Insulation
2. Transportation
3. Protection
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Characteristics
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Fewer cells than epithelial tissue
Cells all derived from mesenchyme
Degrees of vascularity
Increased amount of matrix
Cells widely separated
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major subclasses
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fibroconnective (a.k.a. connective tissue proper)
Blood
Osseous (bone)
Cartilage
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 4.1
FIBROCONNECTIVE TISSUE
a.k.a. connective tissue proper
Subcategories
1. Loose connective tissue
a. Areolar
b. Adipose
c. Reticular
2. Dense connective tissue
a. Regular
b. Irregular
c. Elastic
FIBROCONNECTIVE TISSUE
Let’s look at loose connective tissue first…
(a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
Description: Gel-like matrix with all
three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, and some
white blood cells.
Elastic
fibers
Function: Wraps and cushions
organs; its macrophages phagocytize
bacteria; plays important role in
inflammation; holds and conveys
tissue fluid.
Collagen
fibers
Location: Widely distributed under
epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina
propria of mucous membranes;
packages organs; surrounds
capillaries.
Fibroblast
nuclei
Epithelium
Lamina
propria
Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a
soft packaging tissue of the body (300x).
Figure 4.8a
(b) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
Description: Matrix as in areolar,
but very sparse; closely packed
adipocytes, or fat cells, have
nucleus pushed to the side by large
fat droplet.
Function: Provides reserve food
fuel; insulates against heat loss;
supports and protects organs.
Nucleus of
fat cell
Location: Under skin in the
hypodermis; around kidneys and
eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.
Vacuole
containing
fat droplet
Adipose
tissue
Mammary
glands
Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the
subcutaneous layer under the skin (350x).
Figure 4.8b
FUN FACT
(c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular
Description: Network of reticular
fibers in a typical loose ground
substance; reticular cells lie on the
network.
Function: Fibers form a soft internal
skeleton (stroma) that supports other
cell types including white blood cells,
mast cells, and macrophages.
Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph
nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
White blood
cell
(lymphocyte)
Reticular
fibers
Spleen
Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticular
connective tissue fibers forming the internal skeleton
of the spleen (350x).
Figure 4.8c
FIBROCONNECTIVE TISSUE
Now let’s look at dense connective tissue…
(d) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular
Description: Primarily parallel
collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.
Collagen
fibers
Function: Attaches muscles to
bones or to muscles; attaches bones
to bones; withstands great tensile
stress when pulling force is applied
in one direction.
Location: Tendons, most
ligaments, aponeuroses.
Nuclei of
fibroblasts
Shoulder
joint
Ligament
Photomicrograph: Dense regular connective
tissue from a tendon (500x).
Tendon
Figure 4.8d
(e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular
Description: Primarily
irregularly arranged collagen
fibers; some elastic fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.
Nuclei of
fibroblasts
Function: Able to withstand
tension exerted in many
directions; provides structural
strength.
Location: Fibrous capsules of
organs and of joints; dermis of
the skin; submucosa of
digestive tract.
Fibrous
joint
capsule
Collagen
fibers
Photomicrograph: Dense irregular
connective tissue from the dermis of the
skin (400x).
Figure 4.8e
(f) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic
Description: Dense regular
connective tissue containing a high
proportion of elastic fibers.
Function: Allows recoil of tissue
following stretching; maintains
pulsatile flow of blood through
arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs
following inspiration.
Elastic fibers
Location: Walls of large arteries;
within certain ligaments associated
with the vertebral column; within the
walls of the bronchial tubes.
Aorta
Heart
Photomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue in
the wall of the aorta (250x).
Figure 4.8f
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Components
 Extracellular (intercellular) material = matrix =
ground substance
 The material located between the cells, non-living
 Variable composition
 Bone
 Blood
 Cartilage
Substances present determine qualities of tissue
(a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
Description: Gel-like matrix with all
three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, and some
white blood cells.
Elastic
fibers
Function: Wraps and cushions
organs; its macrophages phagocytize
bacteria; plays important role in
inflammation; holds and conveys
tissue fluid.
Collagen
fibers
Location: Widely distributed under
epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina
propria of mucous membranes;
packages organs; surrounds
capillaries.
Fibroblast
nuclei
Epithelium
Lamina
propria
Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a
soft packaging tissue of the body (300x).
Figure 4.8a
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major subclasses
a.
b.
c.
d.
Fibroconnective (a.k.a. connective tissue proper)
Blood
Osseous (bone)
Cartilage
(k) Others: blood
Description: Red and white
blood cells in a fluid matrix
(plasma).
Plasma
Function: Transport of
respiratory gases, nutrients,
wastes, and other substances.
Location: Contained within
blood vessels.
Neutrophil
Red blood
cells
Lymphocyte
Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); two
white blood cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocyte
in lower right) are seen surrounded by red blood cells.
Figure 4.8k
(j) Others: bone (osseous tissue)
Description: Hard, calcified
matrix containing many collagen
fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae.
Very well vascularized.
Function: Bone supports and
protects (by enclosing);
provides levers for the muscles
to act on; stores calcium and
other minerals and fat; marrow
inside bones is the site for blood
cell formation (hematopoiesis).
Location: Bones
Central
canal
Lacunae
Lamella
Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional view
of bone (125x).
Figure 4.8j
(g) Cartilage: hyaline
Description: Amorphous but firm
matrix; collagen fibers form an
imperceptible network; chondroblasts
produce the matrix and when mature
(chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
Function: Supports and reinforces;
has resilient cushioning properties;
resists compressive stress.
Location: Forms most of the
embryonic skeleton; covers the ends
of long bones in joint cavities; forms
costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages
of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
Chondrocyte
in lacuna
Matrix
Costal
cartilages
Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the
trachea (750x).
Figure 4.8g
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Ground substance
 Between cells and fibers
 Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified
 Functions
 Support and bind cells
 Store water
 Allow exchange between blood and cells
 Fibers
 Collagen fibers
 Elastic fibers
 Reticular fibers
Cell types
Extracellular
matrix
Macrophage
Fibers
• Collagen fiber
• Elastic fiber
• Reticular fiber
Fibroblast
Lymphocyte
Fat cell
Capillary
Mast cell
Neutrophil
Figure 4.7
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cells
 Bone
 Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
 Cartilage
 Chondroblasts, chondrocytes
 Loose connective tissue
 Fibroblasts, macrophages
 Blood
 Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
QUESTIONS?
Due in Lab
 PreLab 5: HW Section 29-30
EPITHELIUM MATCHING
1.
Simple squamous
2.
Simple cuboidal
3.
a)
Ca pi llar y wa l ls a n d l un g a l veoli
b)
Li n i ng t h e o ra l c av i t y
c)
Co l lec t ing t ubul e s o f t h e k i dn ey
d)
Li n i ng t h e di g e st ive t ra c t
e)
Li n i ng t h e re s pi rator y t ra c t
f)
Li n i ng t h e bl a dde r
Simple columnar
4.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
5.
Stratified squamous
6.
Transitional