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Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body
Answers to Review Questions
Multiple Choice
1. e. The palm faces anteriorly
2. a. The diaphragm, made up of skeletal muscle separates the two cavities. The esophagus and
other structures pass through the diaphragm to enter/leave one cavity.
3. e. The knee lies closer to the trunk (i.e., is proximal).
4. d. Note that you are expected to identify the other term for posterior.
5. b. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen are in abundance.
Fill-in-the-Blanks
1. organism; systems; organs; tissues; cells; chemicals
2. a. protons, neutrons; b. neutrons; c. covalent;
d. hydrogen; e. nitrogen
3. a. posterior or lateral; b. proximal or superior;
c. anterior or ventral; d. deep
4. a. a and c; 4.b. b; 4.c. a; 4.d. c; 4.e. b; 4.f. a
5. a. d. synovial; 5. b. a mucous; 5. c. b serous; 5. d. c cutaneous
6. a. fluid connective tissue; 6. b. supporting connective tissue; 6. c. dense connective tissue; 6.
d. supporting connective tissue
True–False
1. T
2. F. It is a phospholipid bilayer.
3. F. Glucose is organic.
4. F. There are about 20 significant amino acids in the body.
5. F. It is a positive feedback mechanism.
6. T
7. F. It is the receptors, effectors produce the effect.
8. T
9. F. It is 7.35–7.45.
10. F. pH below 7.0 would be considered acidic.
Matching
A. 1. c; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a
B. 1. c; 2. a; 3. e; 4. d; 5. b
C. 1. b; 2. d; 3. e; 4. a; 5. f; 6. c
D. -1. i; 2. b; 3. d; 4. f; 5. h; 6. a; 7. c; 8. g; 9. k; 10. e; 11. j
E. -1. f; 2. Correct match not listed in text; the correct match would be: the study of early growth
and development; 3. e; 4. h; 5. a; 6. d; 7. i; 8. c; 9. g; 10. j
F. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. e; 5. a
G. 1. a; 2. c; 3. b
H. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. d; 6. a; 7. c
I. 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c
J. 1. c; 2. d; 3. e; 4. b; 5. a
Short Answer
1. and 2. Integumentary—protects body; temperature regulation; production of vitamin D;
perceives sensation. Digestive—breaks down food; absorption of nutrients; eliminates waste.
Nervous—detects, interprets and reacts to changes in the internal and external environment.
Respiratory—exchange of gases, maintains pH; helps produce sound. Cardiovascular—carries
oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes wastes from tissues, and maintains temperature;
helps with defense; helps maintain the internal environment. Endocrine—regulates body
activities by secreting hormones. Reproductive—helps propagate species. Lymphatic—
returns protein and fluid to blood from the interstitial compartment; participates in defense.
Urinary—helps eliminate nitrogenous waste; helps maintain pH. Skeletal—manufactures
blood cells in marrow; supports body; protects organs; helps with movement; stores minerals.
Muscular—helps with movement; generates heat.
3. Refer to Figure 1. 4. Sacral – region inferior to the lower back, middle of buttock region;
popliteal – posterior to the knee joint; frontal – forehead region; umbilical – navel region;
brachial – front of arm
4. It is the condition of constancy in the internal environment – i.e. interstitial fluid
compartment.
5. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus
6. Diffusion, osmosis, filtration, carrier-mediated, vesicular transport, active transport
7. Cover surfaces; line internal passages and chambers; found in sheets; are not supplied by
blood vessels; multiply rapidly; form a barrier and protect; have a good nerve supply
8. Squamous epithelium can be found in the peritoneum; endothelium lining heart and blood
vessels; alveoli of lungs; some parts of kidney tubules; Cuboidal epithelium can be found in
glands, ducts, and some parts of kidney tubules; Columnar epithelium can be found lining the
stomach, intestines, gall bladder, uterine tubes, and some parts of kidney tubules
9. Connective tissue has specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance; the cells are
scattered; they are not exposed to the exterior; most connective tissue are vascularized; most
have nerve ending that respond to sensations
10. They have a poor blood supply and are mostly made up of nonliving matter (matrix)
11. The stretches, strokes, movement and heat make connective tissue more fluid, allowing
greater movement and flow, encouraging blood flow, and speedy removal of pain producing
toxins from the area. It can help prevent or slow adhesions; it also helps to better align
collagen fibers, reducing friction and allowing movement.
12. Skin rolling—This stroke is useful when adhesions are present between the skin and the
deep fascia, as seen in burns, after healing of wounds, and surgery; friction—repetitive
strokes of friction produce movement between individual fibers located in dense connective
tissue, reducing adhesions and promoting realignment of collagen fibers; myofascial/fascial
techniques—sustained force is applied to the superficial or deep fascia and muscle to
lengthen the fascia and increase mobility.
13. It is the phenomenon that solidifies substances when cold or left undisturbed and liquefies
substances when warmed or stirred.