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Ecology: Interspecific Relationships Thursday, April 25, 2013 • • • Assignment 3: Friday, 5/3 Make-Up Lab: Friday, 5/3 Final Exam: Tuesday, 5/7, 11:00 - 1:00 Thursday, April 25, 2013 Ecology • Study of the structure, function and behavior of the environment. • Population - all individuals of the same species living in the same place • Community - all living organisms in the same area • Ecosystem - all living and non-living components of a particular area Thursday, April 25, 2013 Energy Flow (One Way) Respiration Sunlight Producer Photosynthesis Biomass Detritus Decomposer Thursday, April 25, 2013 Heat Heat Consumer Biomass Heat Biomass Nutrient Cycle C, H, O, P, N Abiotic Producer Detritus Decomposer Thursday, April 25, 2013 Consumer Biodiversity • Refers to the variety of life • Includes: • Species richness - number of species • Species diversity - measure of number and relative abundance of species Thursday, April 25, 2013 Biodiversity Ecosystem I Ecosystem II Species A = 33 Species B = 33 Species C = 34 Species A = 90 Species B = 5 Species C = 5 Species Richness = 3 Species Richness = 3 Higher Diversity Lower Diversity Thursday, April 25, 2013 Niche • Role each species plays in its ecosystem • Habitat - area where it lives • Interactions with other organisms (interspecific relationships) Thursday, April 25, 2013 Predator-Prey • One organism (predator) kills and eats another organism (prey). • Predator larger (usually) • Predator benefits, prey harmed Thursday, April 25, 2013 Animal eats Animal • Frog eating insect • Snake eating bird egg • Lynx and snowshoe hare - figure in text Thursday, April 25, 2013 Predatory Plants • these photosynthesize to make food but need to get N and P from insects since it is low in areas they live • Venus Fly Trap • Pitcher Plant Thursday, April 25, 2013 Parasite-Host • One organism (parasite) lives in or on another (host) and feeds off host. • Parasite usually smaller • Parasite benefits, host harmed. Thursday, April 25, 2013 Endoparasite •Parasite inside host •e.g. Heartworms on Dog (see figure in text) Thursday, April 25, 2013 Ectoparasite •External •e.g. Fleas on Dog Thursday, April 25, 2013 Dodder Thursday, April 25, 2013 parasite on plant leaves Squawroot Thursday, April 25, 2013 parasite on tree root Herbivory • Herbivore eats producer. • Herbivore benefits, plant harmed. Thursday, April 25, 2013 Mutualism • Both species benefit. e.g. Pollination Butterfly and Flower Thursday, April 25, 2013 Lichens •Mutualism between Green Algae and Cup Fungus •Algae makes food by photosynthesis •Fungus absorbs water and nutrients from substrate Thursday, April 25, 2013 Root Nodules •Mutualism between plant root of legumes and blue-green bacteria •Roots provides bacteria with food (made in leaves in transported to root) •Blue-green bacteria perform nitrogen fixation to provide root with ammonia and nitrate Thursday, April 25, 2013 Leaf-Cutting Ant/Fungus •Mutualism •Ants deliver food to fungus •Fungus digests leaves for ant to eat Thursday, April 25, 2013 Commensalism • One species benefits, other unaffected. • Plants such as orchids and bromeliads live in branches of large trees to be nearer to sunlight, tree unaffected • Clownfish hides in tentacles of sea anemone for protection against predators, anemone unaffected. Thursday, April 25, 2013 Competition • Two or more species use the same resource. • Both harmed if resource is limited. • Dandelions and grass on lawn Thursday, April 25, 2013 Competitive Exclusion Principle • No 2 species can indefinitely occupy the same niche at the same time • Leads to resource partitioning - different species use different parts of resources • e.g. 5 species of warblers (birds) live in different parts of tree (fig. in text.) • e.g. 2 species of barnacles live at different heights on sea edge. (fig. in text.) Thursday, April 25, 2013 Activity 18 • Determine the relationship Thursday, April 25, 2013 The End Thursday, April 25, 2013