Download Interspecific Relationships

Ecology:
Interspecific Relationships
Thursday, April 25, 2013
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Assignment 3: Friday, 5/3
Make-Up Lab: Friday, 5/3
Final Exam: Tuesday, 5/7, 11:00 - 1:00
Thursday, April 25, 2013
Ecology
• Study of the structure, function and behavior
of the environment.
• Population - all individuals of the same
species living in the same place
• Community - all living organisms in the same
area
• Ecosystem - all living and non-living
components of a particular area
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Energy Flow (One Way)
Respiration
Sunlight
Producer
Photosynthesis
Biomass
Detritus
Decomposer
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Heat
Heat
Consumer
Biomass
Heat
Biomass
Nutrient Cycle
C, H, O, P, N
Abiotic
Producer
Detritus
Decomposer
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Consumer
Biodiversity
• Refers to the variety of life
• Includes:
• Species richness - number of species
• Species diversity - measure of number and
relative abundance of species
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Biodiversity
Ecosystem I
Ecosystem II
Species A = 33
Species B = 33
Species C = 34
Species A = 90
Species B = 5
Species C = 5
Species Richness = 3
Species Richness = 3
Higher Diversity
Lower Diversity
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Niche
• Role each species plays in its ecosystem
• Habitat - area where it lives
• Interactions with other organisms
(interspecific relationships)
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Predator-Prey
• One organism (predator) kills and eats
another organism (prey).
• Predator larger (usually)
• Predator benefits, prey harmed
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Animal eats Animal
• Frog eating insect
• Snake eating bird egg
• Lynx and snowshoe hare - figure in text
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Predatory Plants
• these photosynthesize to make food
but need to get N and P from insects
since it is low in areas they live
• Venus Fly Trap
• Pitcher Plant
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Parasite-Host
• One organism (parasite) lives in or on
another (host) and feeds off host.
• Parasite usually smaller
• Parasite benefits, host harmed.
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Endoparasite
•Parasite inside host
•e.g. Heartworms on Dog (see figure
in text)
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Ectoparasite
•External
•e.g. Fleas on Dog
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Dodder
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parasite on plant leaves
Squawroot
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parasite on tree root
Herbivory
• Herbivore eats producer.
• Herbivore benefits, plant harmed.
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Mutualism
• Both species benefit.
e.g. Pollination
Butterfly and
Flower
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Lichens
•Mutualism between Green Algae and Cup Fungus
•Algae makes food by photosynthesis
•Fungus absorbs water and nutrients from substrate
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Root Nodules
•Mutualism between plant root of legumes and blue-green
bacteria
•Roots provides bacteria with food (made in leaves in
transported to root)
•Blue-green bacteria perform nitrogen fixation to provide root
with ammonia and nitrate
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Leaf-Cutting Ant/Fungus
•Mutualism
•Ants deliver food to fungus
•Fungus digests leaves for ant to eat
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Commensalism
• One species benefits, other
unaffected.
• Plants such as orchids and
bromeliads live in branches of
large trees to be nearer to sunlight,
tree unaffected
• Clownfish hides in tentacles of sea
anemone for protection against
predators, anemone unaffected.
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Competition
• Two or more species use the same resource.
• Both harmed if resource is limited.
• Dandelions
and grass
on lawn
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
• No 2 species can indefinitely occupy the
same niche at the same time
• Leads to resource partitioning - different
species use different parts of resources
• e.g. 5 species of warblers (birds) live in
different parts of tree (fig. in text.)
• e.g. 2 species of barnacles live at different
heights on sea edge. (fig. in text.)
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Activity 18
• Determine the relationship
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The End
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