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COVENANT UNIVERSITY ALPHA SEMESTER TUTORIAL KIT (VOL. 2) P R O G R A M M E : A P P L I E D B I O LO G Y 200 LEVEL DISCLAIMER The contents of this document are intended for practice and learning purposes at the undergraduate level. The materials are from different sources including the internet and the contributors do not in any way claim authorship or ownership of them. The materials are also not to be used for any commercial purpose. 1 LIST OF COURSES BLY211: Introductory Genetics and Evolution BLY212: Animal Physiology BLY213: Basic Biological Techniques BLY214: Fundamental of Ecology *BLY217: Introduction *Not included 2 COVENANT UNIVERSITY Department of Biological Sciences Alpha Semester Examination Programme: Applied Biology and Biotechnology. Course Code: BLY211 Course Title: Introductory genetics and evolution. Unit: 2 Tutorial Questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. What are chromosomes? Chromosomes are the rod-shaped, filamentous bodies present in the nucleus, which become visible during cell division. Genetic materials are embedded inside chromosomes. When eukarytic cell is not undergoing cell division, the DNA and associated proteins appears as thin chromatin threads called Chromatin fibers. Describe the structure of a chromosome: A duplicated chromosome is composed of two identical halves called sister chromatids held together at a constricted region called a centromere. Each sister chromatid contains an identical DNA double helix. State the protein molecule associated with chromosome and its functions Histone protein molecule; packages and orders DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. List the possible classification of chromosomes with examples. The followings are the possible classification of chromosomes: i. Euploidy (haploids, diploids, triploids) ii. Aneuploidy are: Monosomics (2n-1), Trisomics (2n+1), Nullisomics (2n-2), Tetrasomics (2n+2) iii. Based on the number of centromere (Acentric chromosomes – without centromere, Monocentric – with one centromere, Dicentric – with two centromeres,Polycentric – many centromeres). iv. v. 5. 6. 7. Based on position of centromere: Based on Heterochromatin and Euchromatic (dark-staining are heterochromatic region or heterochromatin, Light staining are euchromatic region or euchromatin). State the chromosome-theory of inheritance? The theory states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosome carefully transmitted via gametes maintaining continuity from generation to generation. Discuss why chromosome is regarded as a genetic unit? i. DNA and associated proteins are packaged into a set of chromosomes, which allow it to be distributed to the daughter cells. ii. During cell division, chromosomes divides and distributes genetic materials to the daughter cells iii. Existences of chromosomes in pairs just as you have ‘genes’ in pairs. iv. Genes are ordered / arranged inside chromosomes acting as vehicle that transfers the genetic materials. v. Alternative forms of genes (alleles) are also made up of chromosomes. With appropriate diagram, show a duplicated chromosome? (4 marks) 3 8. Describe the shape of a DNA Molecule? The DNA is a nucleic acid composed of two interwined nucleotide building block chains. DNA dictates the inherent properties or characteristics of a species. The information encoded in DNA is in the form of a sequence called nucleotides. The DNA is composed of two complementary nucleotide building block chains. The nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar and a nitrogen base. DNA sugar is Deoxyribonucleic acid. The bases are; purines that are two ringed bases – Adenine (A) and Guanine (G); Pyrimidines are one ringed bases – Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). The four bases are linked in a repeated pattern and are said to be complementary. The linking of the two complementary is called hybridization. A purine usually links with a pyrimidine base to maintain the structure of DNA. Adenine (A) binds to Thymine (T) while Guanine (G) binds to Cytosine (C).For example; CCGAATGGGATGC & GGCTTACCCTACG 9. What base does adenine and guanine pair with? Thyamine and Cytosine 10. Suppose you know that the sequence of bases on one DNA strand is AGCTGAG. What is the sequence of bases on the opposite strand? TCGACTC. 11. State at least two features of Molecular Structure of the DNA double helix? I. Two stands of DNA form a right-hand double helix II. The bases in opposite stands hydrogen bond according to the AT/GC rule (chargaff’s rule) III. The 2 stands are antiparallel with regards to their 5` to 3` direction IV. There are ~10 nucleotides in each strand per complete 360° turn of the helix 12. Briefly explain the ‘gene concept’ and how you will define a gene? According to the classical concept, a gene is a unit of: i. Physiological functions ii. Transmission or segregation of characters iii. Mutations. iv. Genes are considered as a unit of function (cistron), a unit of recombination (recon) and a unit of mutation (mutan). v. In molecular genetics, a gene is a sequence of DNA bases that code for a product or rather protein. A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete protein. Characters are controlled by gene. The defined sequence of the four bases also constitutes a gene. Genes are segments of DNA that code for all the proteins in a cell. 4 13. What is a codon? Give at least five examples of a codon. Explain succinctly how proteins are made? The sequence of bases in a DNA forms genetic code (a group of three bases or triplet) and controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each three-letter (nucleotide) unit of an mRNA molecule is called a codon, which codes for a single amino acid. Example of codons: 14. What are chromosomal aberrations? State major causes of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations? 15. Discuss briefly on structural chromosomal aberrations with examples? 16. what are the causes and features associated with the following resultant effects of Chromosomal aberrations: i. cri-du-chat syndrome ii. Down’s syndrome iii. Turner’s syndrome iv. Multiple X syndrome. 17. Discuss on the following forms of mutation: i. ii. iii. iv. Point Mutation Spontaneous mutation Silent mutation Frameshift mutation 18. Write short note on causes, effects and applications of mutation in recent times 19. What are DNA repair mechanisms? Give at least two examples 20. Comment freely on genetics and society? 5 COVENANT UNIVERSITY TUTORIAL QUESTIONS COLLEGE: DEPARTMENT: Programme: Course Code: Course Title: Units: Semester: Science and Technology Biological Sciences Applied Biology and Biotechnology BLY 212 Animal Physiology 2 Alpha 1. Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics and discuss the implications of these laws as it relates to organisms. 2. Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions. 3. Describe five functions of the vertebrate circulatory system. 4. Contrast an open circulatory system to a closed circulatory system. 5. Describe the structure and function of human heart with a labeled diagram. 6. Tension is exerted on a spring and the released, describe how these actions relate to work, potential energy and kinetic energy. 7. Discuss the central role of ATP in the overall energy metabolism of the cell. 8. List and give a brief overview of the stages involved in aerobic respiration, indicate where each stage takes place in the eukaryotic cell and add up the energy captured in each stage. 9. Mitochondria are often referred to as the ‘power house of the cell. Justify this with a specific explanation. 10. Compare how nutrients and oxygen are transported to the body cells in a hydra, planaria, earthworm, insect and frog. 11. Trace the path of a red blood cell from (a) from the inferior vena cava to the aorta, and (b) from the renal vein to the renal artery. 12. Compare the structure and function of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. 6 Answers 1. Thermodynamics- Study of energy and its transformations The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed 2nd Law states that when energy is converted from one form to another, some usable energy is converted to less usable form (heat) that disperses into the environment The Implications of these two laws is that; All the activities of the universe is goverened by the laws of thermodynamics a. Total energy of the universe does not change b. Disorder (entropy) in the universe is continuously increasing, thus the amount of usable energy available to do work in the universe decreases over time. 2. Exergonic reactions are spontaneous reactions that release free energy. In exergonic reactions, the products have less free energy than was present in the reactants, and the reaction proceeds simultaneously. In an endergonic reaction, there is a net gain in the free energy. The products have more free energy than was present in the reactants. Exergonic Reaction-Free energy decreases during excergonic reactions while endergonic Reaction-free energy increases during endergonic reaction. 3. Functions of them vertebrate circulatory system Transports nutrients from the digestive system and storage depots to the cells Transports oxygen from respiratory structures Transports metabolic wastes Transport hormones from endocrine glands to target tissue Helps maintain fluid balance Defends the body against invading microorganisms Helps distribute metabolic heat Help maintain appropriate pH. 4. A. Closed Circulatory System o Blood flows through a continuous circuit of blood vessels o The walls of the capillaries are thin enough to permit diffusion of gases o Common in annelids and Echinodermerta o In Nemertea, The system consists of complete network of vessels but no heart o In earthworm, Two main blood vessels extend length wise forming a continuous circuit of blood vessels. o Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system B Open Circulatory System 7 This is common in some invertebrates especially arthropods and molluscs. In open circulatory system the heart pumps blood into vessels that have open ends A heart pumps the blood into arteries that end in sinuses of the heamocoel. Blood flows into the heamocoel, bathing the tissues directly Blood and Interstitial fluid are not distinguishable and they are collectively referred to as hemolymph. Blood spills out of the open ends of the blood vessels filling large spaces of the hemocoel (blood cavity). 5. Structure and Function of Human Heart. The heart is well adapted for pumping blood. Humans have a four chambered heart surrounded by a fluid filled membrane known as the pericardium. The right and left side of the heart are separated by a wall of muscle called the septum The heart contains two thin walled upper chambers known as atria. The atria collect blood from the veins. The heart contains two thick walled lower chambers called ventricles. The ventricles receive blood from the atria and pump it out of the heart. The heart contains atrioventricularvalves that control the flow of blood. Valves are also located between the ventricles and the arteries known as semi-lunar valves 8 COVENANT UNIVERSITY Department of Biological Sciences Alpha Semester Examination Programme: Applied Biology and Biotechnology. Course Code: BLY213 Course Title: Basic Biological Techniques Tutorial Questions. Unit: 2 1. Mention any three of the discoveries of Van Leuwenhoek in his method of grinding very small glass lenses. 2. Why is there greater magnification in the electron microscope than in the light microscope? a. 3. What is the highest magnification you can get in a compound microscope? 4. List five (5) parts of the compound microscope and their functions. 5. Highlight one after the other, the steps you will take when using the compound microscope 6. Explain the following types of chromatography pointing out their unique characteristics a. Paper chromatography b. Column chromatography c. Thin layer chromatography d. Ion-exchanged chromatography 7. What is the primary difference between Gas and Liquid chromatography? 8. What is paper chromatography? Describe the principle behind its use 9. Differentiate between a chromatograph and a chromatogram 10. Calculate the retention factor in a paper chromatographic separation using the information below. a. Retention time - 5 minutes b. Distance of sample from paper base before separation – 0.014m c. Distance of sample from paper base after separation – 7cm d. Distance moved by solvent – 0.084m 11. Discuss in detail the importance and application of chromatography. 12. Discuss experimental design on the basis of main term and types 13. Compare and contrast between true and quasi experimental designs a. b) Discuss the attribute of a true experimental design with b. c) What are the strong points of the validity of an experimental design? 14. Provide the principle and application of the Laminar airflow 15. Discuss the principle of the vortex mixer 16. Explain the principle and process behind the amplification of DNA fragment using PCR 9 17. Enumerate at least 15 equipment and the principles behind their operations. 18. Discuss briefly the following: a. three equipment that works on the principle: (i) dry heat, (ii) ii) wet heat (under pressure) and (iii) electrical charge and molecule weight 19. Describe the principles of centrifugation. 20. Differentiate between zonal and isopycniz centrifugation. 10 COVENANT UNIVERSITY CANAANLAND, KM 10 IDIROKO ROAD PMB 1023 OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc PROGRAMME EXAMINATIONS SEMESTER: ALPHA COLLEGE: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES PROGRAMME: APPLIED BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BLY214 COURSE TITLE: FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY COURSE UNIT: 2 Tutorial Questions Bly 214 Define1. Biodiversity and 2. Hot Spot of biodiversity. 3. List 3 level of biodiversity 4. List the (a) current and (b) future threats to biodiversity 5. List 6 uses of biodiversity 7. Draw the levels of biological organization 8. Define 4 characteristics of a population 9. List Four Natural Disasters 10. LIST five man-made disasters 11. Name the three major types of pollution 12. What is conservation of natural resources? 13. What are the two important food chain in the ecosystem? 14. What is residence time in energy flow of ecosystem? 15. What is biomass accumulation ratio? 16. What is sustainable development in ecology? 17. What is ammonification? 18. Why are there now more hurricanes, floods and droughts? 19. Why are volcanoes and earthquakes more dangerous now? 20. Give an Illustration of the Nitrogen Cycle 11 Answers 1. Biodiversity – the different life forms / species in an area. 2. Hot Spot of Biodiversity- geographical regions that are particularly rich in endemic, rare and threatened species found in relatively small areas but facing significant threats of habitat loss. 3. Three levels of biodiversity: (i) Genetic diversity. (ii) Species diversity. (iii) Community and ecosystem diversity. 4. Current threats: (i) Habitat fragmentation and loss. (ii) Introduction of Alien Species. (iii) Overexploitation. (iv). Pollution. (v). Intensive agriculture and forestry. (vi). Climate change. Further threats (a) N2 deposition. (b) CO2 loading of the atmosphere. 5. Uses of biodiversity: - Ecological services. - Sources of food and improved varieties. - Drugs and medicines. - Industry. - Tourism and Recreation. - Aesthetic and Cultural benefits. - Scientific roles. 9. 1. Tsunamis 2. Wild fires 3. Floods 4. Hurricanes 10. i. War ii. Riot iii. Terrorism iv. Accidents v. Pollution 11. Three type of pollution are: Air; Water and Solid waste pollution 12. What is conservation of natural resources? Wise use of natural resources. 13. Two independent food chains in the ecosystem are: i. Herbivores chain Most important in plankton communities ii. Detritivores chain Most important in Terrestrial communities 14. Residence time – average time that energy spends on one trophic level = (energy stored in biomass)/(net productivity). 15. Biomass accumulation ratio – residence time based on biomass rather than energy = (biomass)/(rate of biomass production) 16. Sustainable development is Development that seeks to produce sustainable economic growth while ensuring future generations' ability to do the same by not exceeding the regenerative capacity of the nature., i.e a development occur and it's trying to protect the environment. 17. Ammonification – oxidation of carbon in amino acids, freeing ammonia 12 – carried out by all organisms when recycling proteins – important in decomposition 18. Why are there now more hurricanes, floods and droughts? Overpopulation and mismanagement of the world’s resources. 19. Why are volcanoes and earthquakes more dangerous now? Because around half the world’s population lives in cities, more than 500 million people now live within the range of volcanic eruption and an even greater number of people live at risk from earthquakes. 20. Illustration of the Nitrogen Cycle. 13 14 COVENANT UNIVERSITY Department of Biological Sciences Alpha Semester Examination Programme: Applied Biology and Biotechnology. Course Code: BLY218 Course Title: Biosystematics Tutorial Questions. Unit: 3 Section A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. List and explain the different types of classification you know. Unravel the common misunderstanding between the terms ‘systematics’ and ‘taxonomy’. Highlight the basic principles of systematic and the uses What are the aims and objectives of classification in taxonomy? What disciplines in science have contributed taxonomic evidences to a better understanding of taxonomic affinities between plants? 6. Discuss the importance of characters to systematic and taxonomy 7. Expatiate on the following: a. Rank b. Clade c. Taxon 8. Discuss the attributes of the taxonomic rank system 9. Discuss the possible limitations of Chemical taxonomy 10. Discuss phylogenetic relationships 11. Discuss extensively dichotomous keys in plant identification. 12. What are the key techniques and limitations encountered in molecular phylogenetics? 13. Differentiate between phenetics and cladistics 14. Using specific examples, differentiate between homology and analogy 15. Describe the use of phylogenetic systematics in the construction of phylogenetic trees based on shared characters. 16. What are nomenclature codes, discuss the various types 17. Write an essay on the taxonomic unit “Species” 18. Outline and discuss sample preparation for herbarium 19. Write concisely on the development of biological classification 20. Comparatively discuss morphological, embryological, biochemical and molecular evidences in biosystematics 15