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The BIOLOGYL 101 final exam will become available at 12 AM ET Wednesday July 22 under
Content, Week 8. You can also access it under My Tools, Quizzes and Exams, or through the
course calendar
The exam consist of 50 questions; 40 multiple choice questions, 5 multiple select/match/order
questions and 5 long answer questions (1-2 paragraphs each, which you must answer in your
own words).The multiple select/match/order and long answer questions are worth more points
each (40% of exam) than each of the multiple choice questions so make sure you answer
something to each of those, but also make sure you have enough time for the 40 multiple
choice questions (60% of exam). The exam is open book/notes/web, but you will have limited
time to look for answers so I strongly recommend that you study for this exam as you would for
a proctored, closed book exam. Most questions are not simple "look up the answer in the book
or internet" type questions, but do require that you have a good understanding of the biological
concepts learned during the semester. And again, it is also essential that you write the long
answer questions in your own words.

BIOL 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
The BIOLOGY 101 course covers the following areas of biology:
• Scientific Theory, Scientific Method and Concept of Control Group, Making
Conclusions using Scientific Method
• Characteristics of Life
• Cell Theory
• Molecular and Cellular Organization
• Mendelian Genetics; Mutations
• Biological Evolution
• Ecosystems
You should review the following terms and concepts in these areas as you study for the
final examination.
Disclaimer: This guide provides possible questions and concepts to study and review for
the final. The questions listed below may not reflect the exact questions found on the
final examination. Conversely, if a concept or question is found on this list, it does not
necessarily mean that it will definitely be found on the final. This is a STUDY guide, not
an exact listing of questions for the final examination.
The Scientific Method
Be able to interpret a set of experimental data, determine whether the data proves or
disproves the starting hypothesis of the experiment, and form conclusions based on the
data.
Be able to identify the following aspects in an experiment:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Controlled variables
Control group vs Test/experimental group
Hypothesis
Prediction
Results
Conclusion
Be able to distinguish between the following concepts:
scientific method
scientific model
scientific result
scientific theory
Characteristics of Life - list and describe the shared characteristics of living organisms.
Water - describe the various properties of water which make it important to the survival
an evolution of life on earth:
Cohesion
Polarity
Solute
Temperature regulation
Describe the Linnaean classification scheme. List and properly order the levels of
organization in the Linnaean classification scheme, including
o
Domain (highest, most inclusive level)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (lowest, most specific level)
Describe the relationship between the following items, including their hierarchical
organization and function in an organism
o
o
o
o
o
cells (lowest level of organization)
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism (highest level of organization)
Cell Theory- describe the principles of the Cell Theory
o
o
o
all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
the cell is the smallest living unit (i.e. it is the smallest thing that is alive)
all cells arise from pre-existing cells; the continuity of life results directly from
the growth and division of single cells
Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
Describe the structure of membranes, including:
o
o
the lipid bilayer and the molecules that compose the bilayer
the fluid mosaic model
Describe the function of membranes, including the meaning of the term “selectively
permeable” as applied to membranes.
Describe the function of each of the following parts of a cell:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
cell wall
centrioles
chlorophyll
chloroplast
chromosome
cilia
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
flagella
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
golgi apparatus
lysosome
mitochondria
mitotic spindle
nucleus
nucleolus
organelle
phopholipid
ribosome
vacuole
Types of cells:
o
o
o
o
o
Describe the terms “eukaryotic” and “prokaryotic”.
Explain the relationship between eukaryotic cells, animal cells, and plant cells
Provide examples of eukaryotic, prokaryotic, animal, and plant cells
Describe the major structural similarities and differences between bacterial cells,
animal cells, and plant cells
Explain the difference between gametes, germ cells, and somatic cells
Molecular and Cellular Organization - explain the properties and function of each of
the following items, as well as the hierarchical order and relationship between each of the
following items:
o
o
o
o
o
o
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
Subatomic particles
Atoms
Molecules
Molecules of Life
Be able to list the four major “molecules of life” – proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids
Be able to state the subunit from which each macromolecule is built:
Proteins
o
o
o
built from amino acids subunits
Peptides
Polypeptides
Carbohydrates
o
o
o
built from saccharide (sugars) subunits
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Lipids
o
built from fats & triglycerides subunits
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
o
built from nucleotide subunits
Be able to describe the overall structure of each as a carbon chain
Covalent Bond
Describe the nature of covalent bonds
Explain the general role of covalent bonds in molecules
Explain the role of covalent bonds in proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Ionic Bonds
Describe the nature of ionic bonds
Explain the meaning and role of each the following types of molecules in living
organisms:
o
o
o
o
o
ATP
Lipid bilayer
Monomer
Phospholipids
Polymer
Enzymes:
o
o
Explain the role of enzymes in chemical reactions and cells
Explain the factors and conditions that affect the function of enzymes
Chemical Reactions
Explain the following aspects of a standard chemical reaction in cells:
o
o
o
o
Byproduct
Enzyme
Product
Substrate
Metabolic Reactions
Explain the meaning of the term “metabolic pathway”
For each of the following metabolic pathways - what is this process, what is its overall
purpose, where does it occur, what does it yield?
o
o
o
o
o
Photosynthesis
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Explain how the above 4 metabolic pathways are linked to one another in nature
Explain why the term “respiration” can be used to describe both the process of breathing
in humans and the chemical pathways referred to as aerobic respiration
Be able to state which metabolic pathways are part of aerobic respiration – glycolysis,
Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Cell Cycle
List the steps in the cell cycle and place them in the proper order, including the following
phases:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Interphase
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytoplasmic division
Describe the events that occur during each stage of the cell cycle listed above
Mitosis and Meiosis
Describe the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis, including:
o
The type of starting cell
o
o
o
o
o
The number of cells produced
The type of cells produced
The chromosome content of the starting and ending cells
The number of cell division events that occur
The overall purpose of each
Mitosis
o
o
o
Describe the overall steps of mitosis.
Describe how cytokinesis differs in plant and animal cells
Explain why the terms “asexual cell division” and “asexual reproduction” are
used to describe mitosis
Meiosis
o
o
o
Describe the overall steps of meiosis.
Explain what the term “reduction division” means and why it is associated with
the process of meiosis
Explain why the term “sexual reproduction” is used to describe meiosis
DNA
Describe the structure and function of DNA
Describe the changes, alterations, and manipulations that chromosomes undergo during
DNA replication, transcription, and mutation.
Describe how DNA stores the hereditary information that determines the traits of an
organism
Describe the factors that contribute to the packaging of several feet of DNA into a cell
that cannot be seen by the naked eye
Chromosomes
Describe the structure and function of chromosomes.
Describe the benefit to the cell of chromatin being condensed into chromosomes within
the cell?
Describe the changes, alterations, and manipulations that chromosomes undergo in cells
during mitosis, meiosis, replication
Describe the structure, function, and relationship between the following items:
o
o
o
o
o
Alleles
Chromosome
Codon
Diploid
DNA
o
o
o
o
o
Double helix
Genes
Haploid
Histones
Nucleotides (A, C, G, T, U)
Gene Expression
Explain how DNA and RNA are similar and different from one another
A gene is a “unit of information” – explain what is meant by this phrase
Explain the functional relationship between DNA, genes, RNA, proteins, and traits - The
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Explain how mutations (errors in DNA) can change protein expression and traits
Describe the overall purpose and steps in each of the following processes:DNA
replication
o
o
Transcription
Translation
Mendelian Genetics
Explain the difference between the terms “genotype” and “phenotype”. Explain how
genotype and phenotype are related to one another.
Explain the principles of Mendelian inheritance – dominant and recessive genes
Identify the phenotype of an organism, given the genotype of a Mendelian trait.
Infer the genotype of a Mendelian trait of an organism, given the phenotype of the trait in
that organism.
For a particular Mendelian trait, use a Punnett Square to predict the possible genotypes
and phenotypes of a particular mating.
Describe the meaning and relationship between the following items:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Allele
Dominant
Heteroygous
Homozygous
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive
Recessive
Mutations
o
o
o
o
o
Define the term “mutation”
Describe the various causes/sources of mutations
Describe the various types of mutations and how they change the structure of
DNA
Describe the possible consequences of mutations on genes, proteins, cells, and
traits
Describe how some mutations can be harmful, some beneficial, and some neutral
Biological Evolution
Define the term “evolution”.
State the biological levels at which evolution occurs.
Explain the term natural selection, and the role of genetics and the environment in natural
selection.
Be able to describe the forces that can cause biological change to occur in a population
over long periods of time.
Describe factors that may affect the evolution of a population.
Describe the sources of new genetic variation in a population.
Explain the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Explain how the Hardy Weinberg
equation indicates whether or not a population is evolving. If a population is found to be
in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, is the population evolving?
Be able to define, explain, and distinguish between the following terms, as well as their
role in evolution and diversity:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Acquired traits
Adaptations
Emigration
Extinction
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Immigration
Inherited traits
Inheritance
Mutation
Natural selection
Reproductive fitness
Selective breeding
Selective factor or Selection Pressure
Sexual reproduction
Briefly summarize the lines of evidence that support evolution. Explain why we refer to
evolution as a scientific theory?
Species
Define the term “species”
Explain what features determine whether or not two organisms are members of the same
or different species.
Define the term “speciation”
Explain how new species arise
Explain why species become extinct? What are the major factors contributing to species
extinction today?
Ecosystems
Be able to define, explain, and distinguish between the following terms
o
o
o
o
Community
Organism
Population
Species
Be able to define, explain, and distinguish between the following items and concepts:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Biome
Biosphere
Carrying capacity
Consumers
Decomposers
Ecology
Ecosystem
Endangered species
Food chain
Food web
Habitat
Producers
Trophic level
Be able to define, explain, and distinguish between the following concepts:
o
o
Mutualism
Parasitism
o
o
Predation
Symbiosis
Biogeochemical cycles
Explain what is recycled through the various portions of the biosphere in each of the
following biogeochemical cycles:
o
o
o
o
o
Carbon cycle
Hydrologic cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Oxygen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Explain the role of each of the following in the biogeochemical cycles
o
o
o
o
Bacteria
Consumers
Decomposers
Producers
Describe each of the following phenomena and the factors that cause them, and explain
the relationship between them:
o
o
o
o
o
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Eutrophication
Habitat Destruction
Overconsumption of resources