Download Functions it Regulates/Affects

Hypothalamus
•The hypothalamus is located in the
brain, above the pituitary gland.
•Releases inhibiting hormones to control
the pituitary gland
•Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone
•Peptides
•Regulates the pituitary gland through
hormones released in the blood supply
connecting them both called portal
circulation. Oxytocin stimulates
contractions of the uterus and milk
production. The Antidiuretic hormone
promotes retention of water by kidneys.
•Regulated by the Nervous system
•Hypothalamus makes up 1/300 of total
brain weight and is the size of an almond.
Pituitary-Posterior Lobe
The pituitary gland hangs by a stalk
from the inferior surface of the
hypothalamus of the brain.
What it produces:
• The posterior pituitary is not an endocrine
gland in the strict sense because it does
not make the peptide hormones it
releases. Instead, it simply acts as a
storage area for hormones made by
hypothalamic neurons.
Hormones it Releases
• Oxytocin- peptide (protein)
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-peptide
(protein)
Functions:
• Oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterus
and the milk “letdown” reflex.
• ADH promotes retention of water by
kidneys.
Regulated By:
• Oxytocin is regulated by nervous system
in response to uterine stretching and/or
suckling of a baby.
• ADH is regulated by hypothalamus in
response to water/salt imbalance.
Interesting Fact:
• ADH is responsible for the dry mouth and
intense thirst experience the morning after
the night on the town (drinking/boozing).
Pituitary – Anterior Lobe
By Jacob Butterfield
Anterior Lobe
• Connects to the hypothalamus and rests on the sphenoid bone
• Size of a grape
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1181.png
Growth Hormone
• Protein monitored by negative feedback
• Affects bone and skeletal muscle development
–
–
–
–
Stimulates amino acids modeling into proteins
Incites cell division and growth
Increases fat conversion into cellular energy
Regulates blood sugar levels
• Overseen by inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus
– Released into bloodstream
• Growth hormone is used in modern medicine quite often
– Burn recovery, M.S., weight loss, short stature and aging
Anterior Pituitary
Dangles off the brain.
Anterior Pituitary
• Produces Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH).
• ACTH is a protein!
Functions it Regulates/Affects
• ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex.
• Glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal
cortex work to inhibit anterior pituitary
secretion of ACTH.
• Prices per vial of synthesized version of
ACTH have been as high as $25,000.
Pituitary Gland:
Anterior Lobe - Reproductive
By Jason Burke
Functions and Location
•The pituitary gland is located at the base of the
brain.
•Linked in function to the hypothalamus.
•Comprised of two lobes.
•The anterior pituitary gland is regulated by the
hypothalamus.
Hormones Secreted

Secretes Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
–
–
–

Luteinizing Hormone
–
–
–

Protein
Affects growth of reproductive system
Regulated by hypothalamic hormones
Protein
Sex hormone production
Regulated by hypothalamic hormones
Prolactin
–
–
–
Protein
Regulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone, also
involved in milk secretion.
Regulated by hypothalamic hormones
Pituitary Gland- Anterior Lobe
It hangs by a stalk
from the
hypothalamus of
the brain and is
surrounded by
the sphenoid
bone.
Chemical class: Protein
Hormones
•
•
•
•
•
•
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyrod-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
• Regulated by:
- Hypothalamic hormones
•Affects:
-Stimulates growh of bones and muscles, stimulates
metabolism
-Stimulates milk production
-Stimulates production of ova & sperm
-Stimulates ovaries and testes
-Stimulates thyroid gland
-Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Pineal Gland





Hormone: Melatonin
Actions: Involved in
rhythmic activities
Regulated by:
Light/dark cycles
Type: Amine
Located: just above
your spinal cord,
near the center of
your brain.
Pineal Gland (cont)

The pineal gland was the last endocrine
gland to have its function discovered
Parathyroid
• Tiny masses of
•
glandular tissue found
on the posterior
surface of the thyroid
gland.
Thyroid gland is found
in the throat.
What it produces…
• Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid
hormones (PTH) or parathormone.
• Which is the most important regulator of
calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.
What it regulates/affects…
• When blood calcium levels drop below a
certain level, the parathyroids release
PTH, which stimulates bone destruction
cells (osteoclasts) to break down bone
matrix and release calcium into the blood.
What it is regulated by…
• Calcium levels in the blood.
• Interesting Fact: Women usually have
larger parathyroid glands than men.
Thymus Gland
THYMUS is an organ located in the upper anterior portion
of the chest cavity just behind the sternum.
The Thymus Gland
Produces
• A hormone called Thymosin
• Type of molecule, Protein!
Functions it
Regulates/Affects
• “Programs” T Cells
• It is unknown what regulates
the Thymus Gland
• Some animals have multiple
thymi, it is reported in mice.
Adrenal Cortex
Situated along the perimeter of
the adrenal gland
What it produces:
• Mineralocorticoids, aldosterone.
• Glucocorticoids, cortisol.
• Gonadocorticoids, or sex hormones
Functions:
• Aldosterone, which acts to conserve sodium ions and
water in the body
• Cortisol, which increases blood glucose levels
• Gonadocorticoids, or sex hormones. These are secreted
by the innermost region. Male hormones, androgens,
and female hormones, estrogens, are secreted in
minimal amounts in both sexes by the adrenal cortex,
but their effect is usually masked by the hormones from
the testes and ovaries. In females, the masculinization
effect of androgen secretion may become evident after
menopause, when estrogen levels from the ovaries
decrease.
Regulated By:
• Mineralocorticoids is regulated by the
oligopeptide angiotensin II (angiotensin II
is regulated by angiotensin I, which in turn
is regulated by renin).
• Glucocorticoids is regulated by the
hormone ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
Adrenal Medulla
Location: Adrenal Gland
Description: Increases blood glucose; increases
rate of metabolism; constrict certain blood
vessels. Response to stressors, like exercise or
imminent danger.
Name of Hormone: Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
Type of Molecule: Amines
Functions it regulates/affects: affects increased
heart rate and blood pressure. Blood vessel
constriction in skin and gastrointestinal
What is it regulated by: Nervous system
(sympathetic division)
Pancreas
By Jason Burke
Location


The pancreas is located
just underneath the
stomach.
Interesting Fact: Because
of the digestive enzymes
contained in the
pancreas, injuries to this
area are very dangerous.
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_pancreas
e.jpg
Hormones Produced
 Insulin



Protein
Reduces blood glucose
Regulated by blood glucose levels
 Glucagon



Protein
Raises Blood Glucose
Regulated by blood glucose levels
OVARIES
LOCATION…
lower abdominal area
of the female body
WHAT IT PRODUCES…
estrogen and progesterone, steroid
molecules
FUNCTIONS IT REGULATES/AFFECTS…
stimulates uterine lining growth,
developmental and maintenance of
female secondary sex characteristics;
promotes growth of uterine lining
WHAT IT IS REGULATED BY…
FSH and LH
INTERESTING FACT…
if a person has ovarian cancer and the
nerves passing through the pelvic area
are affected by the cancer, the pain may
affect their legs and feet
Testes
 Suspended in scrotum outside pelvic cavity
 Androgens hormone
 Steroid- TESTOSTERONE
 Supports sperm formation, development, and maintenance of male
secondary sex characteristics
 FSH and LH
 The origins of the word testimony and testify are closely related to that
of testis. Some historians believe that the Romans placed their right
hands on their testicles and swore by them before giving a testimony.
This is part of the reasons that eunuchs and women weren't allowed to
testify in in court. It is documented Roman law though that no man
could bear witness unless he possessed both testes.
Heart
Location: Heart
Description: Muscular organ that pumps blood
throughout entire body through blood vessels.
Name of hormone: Artial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Type of molecule: Peptide
Function it regulates/affects: Kidney/Inhibits sodium
ion reabsoption and renin release Adrenal
cortex/inhibits secretion of aldosterone
Regulated by: Cardiac muscle and involuntary muscle
tissue.
Interesting fact: In a females heart weighs an average of
250-300 g and in a males heart weight on average 300350 g.
Kidney
Kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity.
What the Kidney’s
Produce
• The kidney’s produce a
wide variety of hormones
but where focusing on
Renin.
• Renin is a Protein!
Functions it
Regulates/Affects
• Renin regulates the body's mean
arterial blood pressure.
• It is regulated by ANP by the heart to
reduce blood volume and blood
pressure.
• Renin deals with high blood pressure,
which is considered the worlds #1
modifiable risk factor.
GI Tract
Located in the abdomen
What the GI Tract Produce
• The GI Tract produce Gastrin.
• Gastrin is a Protein!
Functions it Regulates/Affects
• The presence of gastrin stimulates parietal
cells of the stomach to secrete
hydrochloric acid (HCl)/gastric acid.
• Somatostatin inhibits the release of
gastrin.
• Its existence was first suggested in 1905
by the British physiologist John Sydney
Edkins.
Placenta
The Placenta is formed temporarily in the uterus of
pregnant women.
What it produces:
• Hormone called human chorionic
gonadotropin.
• Hormone called human placental
lactogen.
• Estrogen and progesterone.
Regulates/Affects
• hCG continues to produced estrogen and
progesterone so that the lining of the uterus is
not removed in menses.
• hPL works cooperatively with estrogen and
progesterone in preparing the breasts for
lactation.
.
Regulated By:
• Regulated by pregnancy.
Interesting Fact:
• Some people eat the placenta, as it is
thought to bring your child good luck.