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Other Types of Memory Things that Affect Memory Baddeley’s Working Memory Model • Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info • Phonological loop - holds verbal information • Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory; brings new information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory Visuospatial Sketch pad Central Executive Phonological Loop Automatic vs. Effortful Processing • Some information, such as where you ate dinner yesterday, you process automatically. • Other information, such as this chapter's concepts, requires effort to encode and remember. Types of Effortful Processing • Maintenance Rehearsal – go over something repeatedly till it is encoded in LTM – Shallow level of processing (Craik & Lockhart) • Elaborative Rehearsal – relate the info to info you already know. – Deeper level of processing (Craik & Lockhart) – Self-reference effect – applies info to yourself. – Visual imagery – vivid images you can remember. • Levels of Processing framework – info encoded at a deeper level will be more easily remember than info encoded at a shallow level. How can you do this? (See middle of page 246). Hippocampus Cerebellum Types of LTM Explicit W/ conscious recall Semantic Memory Episodic Memory (General Knowledge) (Personal Events) Implicit No conscious recall Procedural Memory (Skills and Procedures) Conditioning (CC & OC Learning) Two Types of Explicit Memory 1. Episodic information—information about events or “episodes” 2. Semantic information—information about facts, general knowledge, school work Episodic Memory • Memory tied to your own personal experiences • Examples: – What month is your birthday? – Do you like to eat caramel apples? • Q: Why are these explicit memories? • A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions Semantic Memory • Memory not tied to personal events • General facts and definitions about the world • Examples: – How many tires on a car? – What is a cloud? – What color is a banana? Implicit Memory • Nondeclarative memory • Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness • Three subtypes Subtypes of Implicit Memory Implicit Memory Classical Conditioning Procedural Memory Priming Priming • Priming is influence of one memory on another • priming is implicit because it does not depend on awareness and is automatic • View this example from Derren Brown – with his ad agency video – 8 min Perceptual Priming • Prime enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical features • By showing you one thing, I can influence how you’ll see or perceive another. • Does not work across sense modalities • Here is a demonstration Perceptual Priming • Can you identify the fragmented stimulus to the right? Perceptual Priming • What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture? Clustering: Hierarchical Organization • Related items clustered together to form categories • Related categories clustered to form higherorder categories • Remember list items better if list presented in categories – poorer recall if presented randomly • Even if list items are random, people still organize info in some logical pattern Hierarchical Organization Mammals Dogs German Shepherds Scottish Terriers Cats Siamese Calico Semantic Network Model • Mental links between concepts – common properties provide basis for mental link • Shorter path between two concepts = stronger association in memory • Activating one concept can spread and activate other associations. Semantic Network Model See example at Human Cloud Brain Car Truck Bus Fire House Engine Fire Ambulance Hot Red Stove Rose Apple Cherry Pot Pan Violet Flower Pear Pie How is Memory like a Computer?
