Download CHAPTER 11: From the Crusades to New Muslim Empires

CHAPTER 11: From the Crusades to New
Muslim Empires
11.1 Introduction
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Crusades= series of religious wars launched against Muslims by European
Christians
o Major purpose was to gain control of Palestine (area between Egypt and
Syria which was the homeland to Jews and where Jesus Christ lived)
 “Holy Land”
 Most important city was Jerusalem
 Under control of Muslims
o Waged in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East
11.2 Events Leading up to the Crusades
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Seljuk Turks established a new Muslim dynasty
o Central Asian people who had been migrated into Muslim lands
o Sultan- the sovereign ruler of a Muslim State
o Took Syria and Palestine from the Fatimid dynasty
o Controlled much of Anatolia (Asia Minor), which was part of the
Byzantine Empire
Seljuk’s growing power seemed to threaten the Byzantine Empire
o Christians also worried about the fate of the Holy Land, especially in
Jerusalem
 Jerusalem = sacred city to Jews, Muslims, and Christians
 Spiritual capital of the Jews
 City where Jesus was crucified
 Came under Muslim rule during the Arab conquests of the
seventh century
 All three groups made religious pilgrimages to Jerusalem
Tales began reaching Europe of highway robbers attacking and even killing
Christian pilgrims
o Christians feared they would no longer be able to visit Jerusalem and other
sacred sites in the Holy Land
11.3 The Story of the Crusades
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Crusades began as a response to the threat posed by the Seljuks
o Pope called nobles and church leaders to a council in France
 Called for a crusade to drive the Muslims back and reclaim
Jerusalem
o Throughout the crusades, Christian faith inspired many to put on the red
cross worn by crusaders
o FIRST CRUSADE (1096-1099)
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Four nobles led the Crusade
Close to 30,000 crusaders fought their way through Anatolia and
headed south toward Palestine
 The crusaders laid siege to the city of Antioch in Syria
o After 9 months, a traitor let them through a opening
in the city walls
 City fell to the Christians
 The next year, the crusaders surrounded Jerusalem and
scaled the city walls
o Month later, Jerusalem surrendered
 Massacred the Muslims and Jews
 Established four crusader kingdoms in Palestine, Syria, and
modern day Lebanon and Turkey
o SECOND CRUSADE (1146-1148)
 Muslims captured city of Edessa
 Christians answered by mounting the Second Crusade
o Ended in failure
o Army in Germany was badly beaten in Anatolia
 A second army, led by the king of France, arrived in
Jerusalem in 1148
o 50,000 crusaders marched on the city of Damascus
o Muslims came to the city’s aid and beat back the
crusaders, which ended the crusade
o THIRD CRUSADE (1189-1192)
 Saladin, Muslim leader, had formed the largest Muslim Empire
since the Seljuks
 United Egypt, Syria, and the lands to the east
o Led a renewed fight against the crusaders in the
Holy Land
 Took back Palestine and captured Jerusalem
and sold prisoners for ransom, or money
paid in exchange for the release of prisoners
 Loss of Jerusalem shocked Europeans and
sparked the Third Crusade
 King Richard I of England led the fight against Saladin
o Forced the surrender of the Palestinian town of Acre
o Ordered his men to kill all 2,700 of his Muslim
prisoners
 Fought his way toward Jerusalem, but his
army was not strong enough to attack the
city
 Two leaders signed a peace treaty
 Muslims agreed to let Christian
pilgrims enter Jerusalem
o LATER CRUSADES
 Crusades continued for another 100 years
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Some crusades were popular movements of poor people rather than
organized military campaigns
 “Children’s Crusade” = thousands of peasant children from France
and Germany marched towards the Holy Land
 None of the later crusades succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem
o RECONQUISTA
 Crusaders warred against Muslims in Europe and North Africa as
well as the Middle East
 Christians launched these wars to retake the Iberian
Peninsula (peninsula in southwestern Europe that today is
divided between Spain and Portugal) from the Muslims
o Over time, Christian rulers in Northern Iberia
chipped away at Muslim lands
 Christians tried to take advantage of Muslim
weakness
 Captured Toledo, in central Spain
 Portugal became an independent
Christian kingdom
o Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to unite
Spain as a Catholic country
 Used the inquisition (a judicial body
established by the Catholic Church to
combat heresy and other forms of religious
error
 Spanish inquisition was extremely harsh
 Sent armies against Granada
 City fell, and Muslims lost their last
stronghold in Spain
 Jews were told to become Catholics
 More than 170,000 Jews left their
homes forever
o Spain expelled its remaining Muslims
 The expulsion of Muslims and Jews ended
centuries of cooperation between these
groups and Christians in Spain
11.4 Christians and the Crusades
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Many crusaders were wounded or killed in battle
o Others died from disease and the hardships of travel
Brought many economic changes to Europe
o Increased the use of money
 Knights began performing banking functions, such as making
loans or investments
 Kings started tax systems to raise funds for crusades
Monarchs grew more powerful
o Led to end of feudalism
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Christians learned about new foods and other goods
o Dressed in clothing made from cotton
o Used more spices and fruits
11.5 Muslims and the Crusades
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Many Muslims died from battle
Gained exposure to some new weapons and military ideas
o Adopt a standing army
Earned riches from trade with Europe
Money helped to find projects such as new mosques and religious schools
Salahaldin was the greatest Muslim leader during the crusades
o Unified Muslim groups under his fair and strong leadership
o Ransomed or freed most of the prisoners he took
11.6 Jews and the Crusades
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Many Jews were massacred
Crusaders destroyed synagogues (Jewish homes of worship) and holy books
Anti-Semitism, or prejudice against Jews, spread
Jews could no longer hold public office
o Christians took over trading businesses that had been run by Jews
England and France expelled all Jews
Segregation, the forced separation of one group from the rest of the community,
of Jews spread throughout Europe
o Jews were forced to live in crowded neighborhoods called ghettos
Jews would kill their children or grandchildren rather then give up their religion
They were forced to flee town and leave all of their belongings at home
11.7 The Mongol Invasion
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Muslims faced the Mongols
o Nomadic people who homeland was in the north of China
o Began wars of conquest under their leader, Genghis Khan
 Swept across central Asia, destroying cities and farmland
 Hundreds of thousands of Muslims were slaughtered
o Some were carried off to Mongolia as slaves
 Under Genghis Kahn, the Mongols had built an empire that
stretched across much of Asia
 Defeated the Seljuk Turks and seized parts of Persia
 In the west, the Muslims were able to stop the Mongol
advance
o Led by the Mamluks, whose capital was in Cairo
 Defeated the Mongols in an important battle
in Palestine
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Continued to Rule Palestine, Egypt,
Syria, Arabia, and parts of Anatolia
for 300 years
Mongols began converting to Islam
 Helped bring unity to their empire
 Made Persian the language of government
 Rebuilt cities they had destroyed and encouraged learning,
the arts, and trade
 One of the largest empires the world has ever seen
11.8 Muslim Empires and the Expansion of Islam
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In the early 1300s, a Turk named Osman I started the Ottoman dynasty in
northern Anatolia
o Conquered new lands in Anatolia and southeastern Europe
o Advance was stopped for a time by a new enemy, Timur Lang
 Came from Mongol tribe
 Began building his own empire in the late 1300s
 Controlled Iraq and much of central Asia
 Invaded India, Syria, and Anatolia
o Defeated the Ottoman Empire at Ankara in Anatolia
 Ottomans were on the brink of collapse, but
after Timur’s death, they regained control of
their lands
o Set out to expand their empire
 Captured Constantinople, bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire
 City was renamed Istanbul and became the Ottoman capital
o Destroyed the Mamluk Empire
 Conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia
 Took parts of southeaster Europe, North Africa, Persia, and Turkey
o Allowed their subjects freedom
 Jews, Christians, and Muslims had their own local communities,
called millets
 Allowed to govern themselves
 Christian men were converted to Islam
o Empire declined after 1700
Muslims in Persia founded the Safavid dynasty
o Their shahs, or rulers, soon controlled parts of Iraq as well as Persia
o Shi’a Muslims
A third Muslim empire was founded by Babur, a descendant of both Genghis
Khan and Timur
o Invaded India and founded the Mughal Empire
 Arabic for “mongol”
Traders brought Islam across the Indian Ocean to southeast Asia
* Today, Indonesia has more Muslims than any other country in the world