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Soc213(002)
Deviant Behavior
Bogart Test
01A
2/12/02
Part 01: Text (Thio) Items: Old
Ch.02: Traditional Theories
01a.Merton's theory of goal-means gap, proposes that A. society discourages individuals from engaging in
deviant activities, B. society is the source of crime if social norms are weak, C. American society encourages
success without legitimate means to accomplish this goal, D. deviance and crime are most likely to occur among
wealthy individuals, E. crime and deviance increases with the individual’s level of education. (pg. 17)
02a._____, a response to the goal-means gap, occurs when people accept the success goal while rejecting the use
of legitimate means for realizing that goal. A. rebellion, B. conformity, C. ritualism, D. retreatism, E.
innovation. (pg. 19)
03a.Cohen's theory is fundamentally the same as the goal-means gap, but Cohen replaces the word, success,
with the word, _____: A. culture B. conflict C. status D. delinquent E. reinforcement. (pg. 20)
04a.According to Cloward and Ohlin, which subculture requires courage for risking injury or death in gang
warfare? A. conformist subculture, B. criminal subculture, C. ritualist subculture, D. conflict subculture. E.
retreatist subculture. (pg. 22)
05a.You hang out with your local neighborhood gang. Whether or not you also become deviant, according to
Glaser, depends on whether or not you_____with them: A. bond, B. associate, C. identify, D. approach, E.
learn. (pg. 24)
06a.Burgess and Akers argued that before one becomes a criminal, a process must occur where he or she is
rewarded for continuing deviant behavior, this is called: A. differential association, B. differential revulsion, C.
differential reinforcement, D. differential rejection. E. all of the above. (pg. 25)
07a.According to control theories of deviance, the central question is: A. what causes deviance. B. what causes
conformity. C. what causes criminality. D. what is the definition of deviance. E. what is the definition of
criminality. (pg. 27)
08a.According to Hirschi’s theory, if elements of bonding to society are weak, the individual would be more
likely to: A. have strong self-control, B. have a good self-concept, C. develop a strong goal orientation, D. slide
into deviance. E. reject society. (pg. 28)
09a.Disintegrative shaming (Braithwaite, 1989) that occurs in the United States as compared to Japanese culture
is characterized by _____ social relationships and ______individualism: A. stronger, stronger; B. weaker,
weaker; C. stronger, weaker D. weaker, stronger. E. none of the above. (pg. 29)
10a._____, a version of control theory, assumes that humans are basically rational, given to calculating the
benefit and cost of committing a crime: A. social bond B. reintegrative shaming C. deterrence doctrine D.
disintegrative shaming E. differential reinforcement. (pg. 29)
Ch. 03 : Modern Theories
11a.Which of the following is NOT one of the modern theories of deviance? A. labeling theory, B.
phenomenological theory, C. control theory, D. conflict theory, E. power theory. (pp. 35-53)
12a.According to Tannenbaum (1938), which of the following is NOT a consequence of labeling on the deviant?
A. prosecution, B. incarceration, C. isolation, D. self esteem, E. conflict. (pg. 37)
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13a.According to Lemert, the final step leading to secondary deviance involves: A. stronger penalties and
rejections, B. formal action taken by the community against the deviant, C. hostilities and resentment on the part
of those who penalize the deviant, D. ultimate acceptance of the deviant social status by the deviant, E. none of
the above. (pg. 37)
14a.According to Lemert, in _____ deviation, someone commits a deviant act, but in _____ deviation, the
person identifies himself (herself) as a deviant: A. primary, diversified, B. secondary, tertiary, C. negative,
evaluation D. secondary, primary, E. primary, secondary. (pg. 37)
15a.Which of the following theories examines the subjectivity of people, including their attitudes, feelings, and
opinions about deviance? A. conflict theory, B. labeling theory, C. positivist theory, D. phenomenological
theory, E. deterrence doctrine theory. (pg. 39)
16a._____ has also been referred to as ethnomethodology, existential sociology, creative sociology, or sociology
of everyday life: A. positivism, B. labeling theory, C. phenomenological theory, D. conflict theory, E. Marxist
theory. (pg. 39)
17a.Legal reality and social reality are concepts related to _____ theory. A. control, B. power, C.
phenomenological, D. conflict, E. labeling. (pg. 44)
18a.Chambliss' analysis of the English legal system showed that the vagrancy laws historically A. helped the
poor to improve their lives, B. benefited the ordinary citizens the most, C. aggravated the crime problem, D.
reduced the crime problem, E. served the interests of the rich and powerful of society. (pg. 45)
19a.Feminist theorists argue that most theories of deviance A. stereotype women, B. are actually only about
men only, C. call for the exploitation of women by men, D. are not related to gender, E. encourage women to
exploit men. (pg. 48)
20a.According to Marxist theory, in a captialist society, crime is especially likely among A. the intellecturals
and ideologues, B. the proletariat, C. a marginal surplus population, D. the bourgeoisie, E. the trade union
leaders. (pg. 48)
Part 02: Lecture Items- Old
21a.The punishment of crime, according to Emile Durkheim, is: A. often ineffectual and sometimes
counterproductive, B. irrelevant to society, C. serves society well if it is swift certain, and severe, D. is effective
only in societies based on organic solidarity, E. is the only answer for the reformation of society.
22a.Functional theory would be most aptly associated with the view that deviance and crime is associated with
A. activist legislation and vigorous policing, B. a lack of schooling and motivation, C. inadequate socialization
and lack of social control, D. inappropriate associations and inadequate parenting, E. identifying with the
deviant subculture.
23a.According to Durkheim, in his French study of suicide, the highest rate was in the ______ sector: A. blue
collar/industrial, B. business, C. religious, D. agricultural, E hobohemia.
24a.While identifying himself explicitly as a _____, Sutherland did his work in the setting that gave rise to
______: A. psychologist, functional theory, B. social worker, Marxist sociology, C. criminologist, Chicago
School of Sociology, D. minister, anomie theory, E. psychiatrist, control theory.
25a.Cressey described________ as necessary to trust violation: A. models, B. rationalizations, C. structural
strain, D. skill acquisition, E. repressed antipathy to the victim.
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26a.________, according to Park, is the most demoralizing single instrument of present-day civilization, A. the
automobile, B. the newspaper, C. the mass media, D. migration, E. boys’ clubs.
27a.The term C. Wright Mills used to describe the early Chicago sociologists was: A. social pathologists, B.
robber barons, C. deans of sociology, D. human ecologists, E. educated hoodlums.
28a.Techniques of neutralization according to Sykes and Matza are: A. ways the deviant uses to maintain
dominance, B. rationalizations the individual uses to protect himself/herself from blame, C. ways a groups
isolate and neutralize members, D. techniques the dominant society uses to control the subculture in a society, E.
none of the above.
29a.The most important groups, according to developmental theorists, in the genesis of criminal behavior are: A.
tertiary groups, B. intimate personal groups, C. secondary groups, D. educational groups, E. religious groups.
30a.Following the logic of functionalism, Davis argues that “Prostitution is ________and this requires
explanation.” A. costly to the community, B. more common among women than men, C. less vigorous in
industrial societies, D. universal, E. biologically determined.
31a.Durkheim begins his argument ( for a fuctional theory of crime) with the observation that crime is A.
present in all societies, B. lies in the eye of the beholder, C. changes in type from one historical period to
another, D. frequently goes unobserved and undetected, E. only deviant societies have crime.
32a.Erikson most centrally focused on _____ in elaborating his functionalist argument about the social creation
and maintenance of deviance and crime. A. Puritan America, B. Southern slavery, C. the age of the "Robber
Barons", D. war profiteers during WW II, E. prostitutes and hustlers.
33a.According to Erikson, social deviance and crime primarily serves the function of A. defining moral
boundaries, B. testing those fit to rule, C. strengthening the stratification system, D. improving the moral and
legal code, E. justifying violence.
34a.Faris and Dunham related mental disorder in particular and deviance generally to the ecological factor of:
A. population size; B. the demographic transition; C. cultural lag; D. urban zones; E. dominance.
35a.Mills noted that most social pathologists are from A. upper class, city backgrounds, B. prosperous small
towns, C. middle class, rural backgrounds, D. middle class, city backgrounds, E. none of the above.
36a.What is the replacement of one set of social institutions by another called in The Polish Peasant? A. social
reorganization, B. social definition, C. social reconstruction, D. normlessness, E. social reorientation
37a.According to Cloward (1959) the rate of delinquency and crime in lower class groups should depend not
only on their commitment to goals and means but their access to: A. social institutions; B. effective leaders; C.
education; D. illegitimate means; E. alcohol and other depressants.
38a.How does anomic suicide differ from other forms of suicide? A. in its dependence on economic status, B. in
its focus on individuals finding meaning in society, C. in its dependence on goals and values, D. in its
dependence on how society regulates individuals, E. in its dependence on the way individuals are attached to
society.
39a.How did Robert Merton explain anomie? A. as normlessness resulting from social mobility, B. as a
disjunction between goals and means, C. as social disorganization resulting from increased migration, D. as the
consequence of rapid industrialization, E. as moral failure of individuals in a complex society.
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40a.Characteristics of Cressey's white collar criminal, the trust violator: A. is upwardly mobile, B. Protestant, C.
a drinker, D. rejects the criminal label, E. is from a broken family.
Part 03: New Text (Thio) Items
Ch.02 Traditional Theories
41a.Unlike Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, Merton in his goal-means gap theory designed it with the
premise that: A. society dislikes crime, B. society only tolerates crime, C. society encourages the individual to
engage in deviant activities, D. society can eliminate deviant activities. E. society constructs itself out through
crime. ( pg. 17)
42a.Retreatism, according to Merton’s goal-means gap theory is: A. accepting the culturally approved goals and
using the legitimate means of working toward those goals, B. lowering or abandoning culturally approved goals
to more easily realize the culturally approved goals, C. putting in place new goals and new means of reaching
these culturally approved goals. D. not caring about the culturally approved goals or working towards these
goals. E. putting in place new goals and never realizing the culturally approved goals. (pg 19)
43a.Thio evaluates Merton’s strain theory and looks at the reliable evidence of the theory, and finds that: A.
ample evidence shows that lower class people hold a significantly lower level of success aspirations from upper
class people, B. there is ample evidence that lower class people are more likely than those of other classes to
engage in deviant activities, C. The statistics that the strain theory relies on are reliable and valid, D. it is true
that lower-class people will embrace high-success goals, E. none of the above.
(pg.23)
44a.According to Thio in his evaluation of _____ many sociologists have benefited from this theory by
acknowledging that deviance is caused by society and not by the individual: A. Strain theory, B. Control theory,
C. Social Learning theory, D. Labeling theory, E. all of the above. (pg. 23)
45a.According to Sutherland, a person becomes deviant act in the process of being given: A. more opportunities
to engage in deviant acts, B. an excess of ideas in deviance, versus antideviant ideas, C. a self image as a victim,
D. an excess of unsolvable solutions, E. discouragement from society. (pg. 24)
46a.Glaser’s theory of social learning proposes that an individual has a role-taking and choice-making ability
before committing deviance, and this is done by: A. associating with known felons, B. identifying with other
deviants, C. joining a conflict subculture, D. becoming a part of a youth group, E. believing societies culturally
approved goals.
(pg. 25)
47a.Thio's first and foremost criticism of Sutherland’s social learning theory focuses on A. the failure to address
white college crime, B. the difficulty of relating "differential association" to real life situations, C. the neglect of
early socialization factors, D. the preoccupation with violent offenders, E. its Marxist context. (pp 26-27)
48a.Braithwaite compared what two countries in the premise of his theory: A. India, United States, B. Japan,
India, C. Japan, United States, D. United States, Portugal. E. United States, China. (pg. 28)
49a.The central concept of Hirschi's control theory is that juvenile delinquency is reduced to more individuals,
A. form a strong bond to society, B. commit to conformity, C. get involved with conventional activities, D. have
a belief in the moral validity of the social rules, E. all of the above. (pg. 28)
50a.According to Thio, the deterrence doctrine focuses on: A. strain in society, B. retreatism from culturally
approved goals, C. formal social control executed by judges and other law enforcement, D. causes of crime and
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societies reaction to crime. E. informal social control carried out by relatives, friends, relatives and neighbors.
(pg. 29)
Ch. 03 Modern Theories
51a. Becker’s labeling theory portrays deviance as always and necessarily the intractional product of two groups
of people: A. those who commit crime and those enforce it, B. sociologists and deviants, C. those who commit a
deviant act and the rest of society, D. upper-class people and lower class people, E. "the good guys" and "the
bad guys.." (pg. 35)
52a. It would be most apt to describe Lemert's model of the process producing a serious deviant as one of: A.
social conflict, B. social cooperation, C. social indifference, D. social pathology, E. social misunderstanding.
(pg. 37)
53a. According to Erickson (1962) the functions of labeling for the labelers include: A. preserving and
strengthening of social cohesion and social order, B. society will be better able to distinguish between good and
evil, C. individuals will avoid punishment and do good as to not become an object lesson for being deviant, D.
enhancing social order, E. all of the above. (pg. 38)
54a. Katz, a phenomenologist, found that criminals and robbers actually see their deviance and themselves as:
A. shameful, B. positive in some way, C. morally wrong, D. a sign of weakness or impotence, E. all of the
above. (pg. 42)
55a. Central ("first & foremost") to Thio's critique of phenominology is the assertion that phenomenologists : A.
create their own version of human reality, B. are too trusting of individuals to be honest, C. have a bias toward
the "underdog" in society, D. have a bad attitude toward data collection, E. none of the above. (pp. 43-44)
56a. Thio traces ____ laws from the fourteenth, to the sixteenth, to the twenty-first century to show their shifting
preoccupation with (respectively) poor able bodied men, vagabonds and hiwaymen, and down-and -outers. A.
trespass, B. patent, C. vagrancy, D. public indecency, E. drug. (pg. 45)
57a. Thio describes the _____ imperative as central to explaining how law enforcers tend to become the tools of
power and privilege. A. organizational, B. functional, C. cultural, D. sociological, E. class. (pg. 46)
58a. According to Marxists, a marginal surplus population is produced because capitalism necessarily produces
A. unemployed workers, B. disaffected intellecturals, C. a lower management class conflicted in its loyalties, D.
a rate of population growth slightly larger than the rate of economic growth, E. a growing wealthy leisure class.
(pg. 48)
59a. Summarizing power theory, Thio asserts that the powerful are likely to A. have stronger deviant
motivation, B. enjoy greater deviant opportunity, C. be subjected to weaker social control, D. all of the above, E.
none of the above. (pg. 50)
60a. First and foremost, Thio criticizes conflict theory for : A. its preoccupation with capitalism as the cause of
deviance, B. neglect of cooperation and organization in deviance, C. contradictions within conflict theory itself,
D. neglecting the categorical imperative, E. ignoring cultural relativity. (pg. 52)
Part 04: Lecture Items- Old
61a. The development of _____coincided with the cessation of parading deviants in the public square as part of
penal reform: A. functional theory, B. capital punishment, C. democratic societies, D. mass media, E. none of
the above.
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62a. According to Kingsley Davis, where traditional monogamous family is strong, ________, will be strong: A.
heterosexuality, B. prostitution, C. religious deviance, D. homophobia, E. crime prevention programs.
63a. Social Disorganization Theory and the interdependence of populations have used the metaphor of: A. web
of life, B. society regeneration, C. cultural clash, D. cross-cultural communication, E. intergroup dynamics.
64a. Anomie according to Durkheim, is clearly a function of (and therefore a measure of ): A. affluence, B.
social forces, C. individual disorganization, D. deviants, E. poverty.
65a. Sutherland and Cressey explicitly object to the limitations of situational theory, directly emphasize the role
_______theory: A. social disorganization, B. developmental, C. macro-organization, D. symbolic
interactionism, E. none of the above.
66a. The importance of _______was particularly featured in Glaser’s critique/revision of Sutherland and
Cressey’s model: A. negative learning, B. secondary learning, C. cognitive consistency, D. role models, E.
social expectations.
67a. According to Erickson, the Puritans: A. had little deviance in their communities. B. had a high level of
deviance because they felt that they were God's community on Earth. C. were successful in their own minds in
keeping the devil at bay. D. tried to rehabilitate witches in the surrounding communities. E. were known for
their religious tolerance.
68a. According to Durkheim, a society is best served if crime is: A. eliminated, B. minimized, C. optimized
(neither high nor low), D. cyclical, E. constant.
69a. Durkheim would probably say that the increased use of the death penalty in recent years in the United
States is: A. effective because it permanently removes dangerous criminals from society, B. not effective
because it is carried out behind prison walls in the middle of the night. C. effective because it costs a lot to keep
criminals in prison, D. not morally acceptable and should be abolished, E a structural contradiction.
70a. According to Kai Erikson, the _____ of the community become defined (and maintained) in critical
transactions between deviants and official agents of the community: A. class system, B. boundaries, C. latent
functions, D. subcultures, E. forms of primary deviance.
71a. What will happen, according to Durkheim, in a society of saints in which members live up to established
group standards: A. there would be a true Utopian social structure, B. the society will regress into infantile
order, C. new faults will be defined by the group as serious offenses and treated just as if they were crimes, D.
eventually the society will disintegrate because of a lack of moral cohesion, E. members will become
complacent and egotistical.
72a. The Social Pathologists were particularly influenced by the _____ model of the city: A. interaction density,
B. demographic transition, C. modular equilibrium, D. concentric zone, E. migration balance.
73a. Faris and Dunham in their book, MENTAL DISORDERS IN URBAN AREAS, say that mental disorders
and especially schizophrenia are more common in: A. the suburban zones of an urbanized area, B. the highly
organized areas of the city, C. the "zone of transition", D. residential and business areas located near the mental
institutions, E. the "war zone."
74a. According to Park, where was human junk, "hobohemia," concentrated? A. in the areas occupied by the
most recent immigrants, B. in the areas adjacent to the large manufacturing plants, C. in the areas near the very
edge of the large cities that were under development, D. slum areas on the edge of the business areas of great
cities, E. none of the above.
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75a. Durkheim was most influenced by: A. Darwinian biology, B. Freudian psychology, C. laissez faire
economics, D. cultural anthropology, E. Machiavellian political science.
76a. Emile Durkheim refers to _____ suicide as that which results from the failure of an individual to find a
basis for existence (meaning): A. egoistic, B. differential, C. altruistic, D. ritualistic, E. spiritual.
77a. In the category of _____ Merton places psychotics, autists, pariahs, outcasts, vagrants, vagabonds, tramps,
chronic drunks and drug addicts: A. conformists, B. innovators, C. ritualists, D. retreatists, E. rebels.
78a. Merton suggests that what he calls INNOVATION is most common among _____ people: A. upper class,
B. middle class, C. lower class, D. status incongruent, E. downwardly mobile.
79a. Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey presented a developmental theory to explain criminal behavior
which include all of the following key points EXCEPT: A. criminal behavior is learned, B. the specific
direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable, C.
criminal behavior is inherited, D. a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to
violation of the law, E. learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.
80a. In Cressey's study of embezzlement which of the following is involved in the trust violator's view of his or
her own misconduct? A. guilt, B. fear of being found out, C. committing a criminal act, D. betraying his
responsibility to the company, E. what he or she is doing in essentially non-criminal.
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