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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology- 9th edition Elaine N. Marieb Pearson/Benjamin Cummings 2009 ISBN 0-321-51353-3 (student edition) ISBN 978 – 0-321-51353-3 (student edition) CHAPTER 1 – THE HUMAN BODy :AN ORIENTATION OBJECTIVES AN OVERVIEW 1. Define anatomy and Physiology. 2. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 3. Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body, explain how they are related. 4. Name the organ systems of the body, and briefly state the major functions of each system. 5. Classify by organ systems all organs discussed. 6. Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible. MAINTAINING LIFE 7. List the functions that humans must perform to maintain life. 8. List the survival needs of the human body HOMEOSTASIS 9. Define homeostasis , and explain its importance. 10. Define negative feedback, and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function. 11. * Differentiate negative and positive feedback and give an example of each. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY 12. Describe or demonstrate anatomical position. 13. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe 14. Locate the major cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity surfaces planes directions 15. * Differentiate dorsal and ventral cavities An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another gross anatomy -study of large , easily observable structures microscopic anatomy – the study of body parts too small to be seen by the naked eye – cells and tissue can be seen only under a microscope Physiology- the study of how the body and its parts work or function neurophysiology cardiac physiology .. Relationship structures determine what functions can take place *Form follows function Levels of Structural Organization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chemical—atoms/ molecules Cellular -Tissue- same or similar types of cells Organ – different types of tissue Organ System- different organs working closely together Organismal – many systems (e.g. 11 organ systems in human body Human organ system overview 1. Integumentary skin derivatives (nails, hair, glands) Integumentary Functions Protection/cushioning waterproofing excretion/secretion sensory reception 2. Muscular skeletal muscle) Muscular Functions contract movement Skeletal bones cartilages ligaments joints Skeletal Functions o support/provides a framework o protection o movement (with muscles) o storage of minerals o hematopoiesis (blood formation) 3. 4. Nervous brain spinal cord nerves sensory receptors Nervous Functions respond to internal and external stimuli sensory receptors detect changes and send electrical signals called nerve impulses to central nervous system CNS assess info and activating the appropriate effector (muscle or gland) 5. Endocrine ) hormones 6. pituitary thyroid parathyroids adrenals thymus pancreas pineal ovaries (female) testes (male) Endocrine functions o slower control system o control by release of hormones into blood stream Digestive digestive tube mouth (oral cavity) pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum *anus accessory glands salivary glands liver pancreas Digestive functions break down food deliver products to the blood stream 7. 8. Cardiovascular heart blood vessels Cardiovascular Functions carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones…to and from tissues white blood cell – *immune function Urinary (excretory) kidneys ureters bladder urethra Urinary Function nitrogenous waste removal electrolyteand acid/base balance 9. Respiratory nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs Respiratory functions keep the body constantly supplied with oxgen remove carbon dioxide 10. Lymphatic (*immune) lymphatic vessels lymph nodes other lymphatic organs e.g. spleen tonsils Lymphatic functions immune function returns fluid to blood 11a.Reproductive (male) scrotum penis accessory glands duct system Reproductive function produce offspring 11b. Reproductive (female) ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina MAINTAININIG LIFE Necessary Life Functions 1. Maintaining Boundaries distinct “inside” and “outside” cells/membrane as body/skin controls substances entering and leaving 2. Movement propelling ourselves from one place to another e.g. walking, swimming… manipulating the external environment with our fingers skeletal/muscle cooperation substances propelled through body e.g. blood, food wastes 3. Responsiveness or irritability the ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them all cells – but nervous system in particular 4. Digestion breaking down ingested food into absorbable units and distributing these units to all body regions digestion / cardiovascular 5. Metabolism- regulat4ed by hormones from endocrine system all chemical reactions that occur within the body Digestion/cardiovascular/Respiratory systems Digestion decomposition Cardiovascular circulation Respiratory synthesis of ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) body’s readily available energy source synthesized in Cellular Respiration 6. Excretion removal of wastes digestive: solid/ urinary : liquid ( nitrogenous) 7. Reproduction production of offspring cellular/organism reproductive /endocrine systems 8. Growth increase in size/ increase in cells cell construction rate faster than cell –destruction SURVIVAL NEEDS (need to be present in appropriate ranges – excesses & deficits harmful 1. Nutrients (food) carbohydrates proteins fats minerals/vitamins 2. Oxygen 3. 4. 5. necessary for cellular respiration (to release energy from food) 20% of air is Oxygen cooperation of respiratory and cardiovascular systems Water 6080% of body weight all metabolism occurs in an aqueous environment Appropriate Temperature approx 37 C (98F) too high – proteins denature too low – metabolism stops Atmospheric Pressure necessary for breathing and gas exchange too low cell metabolism stops HOMEOSTASIS The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world if constantly changing. homeo = the same stasis = standing still dynamic state of equilibrium – internal conditions change and vary within relatively narrow limits Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous – electrical delivered by nerves endocrine – blood borne hormones Three parts to a control mechanism 1. 2. 3. receptor –sensory receptors or sensor a sensor which monitors and responds to changes stimulus – afferent pathways from receptors to control center control center- portion of the central nervous system determines the set point or range at which a variable is to be maintained analyzes the information it receives from the receptor determines the appropriate response or course of action effector (muscle or gland) receives information from the control center along efferent pathways *tells muscle to move *tells gland to secrete results of the respsonse feedback to influence either by depressing it (negative) or enhancing it (positive) negative feedback – react until the wrong is righted analogy Thermometer --- Receptor Thermostat---- Control center Furnace ---------Effector Positive Feedback – produce a product Blood clot formation Birth of a baby Most diseases are the result of homeostatic imbalance- abnormal condition The Language of Anatomy ANATOMICAL POSITION 1. standing erect 2. feet parallel 3. arms at side 4. palms forward(*supine) DIRECTIONAL TERMS * SURFACES 1. Dorsal – back 2. Ventral – front 3-4 Lateral - sides 5. Cranial - top of head 6. Caudal -“ Tail area” REGIONAL TERMS 1. cephalic head 2. cervical neck 3. thoracic chest 4. abdominal 5. pelvic 6. inguinal groin 7. pubic genital Planes 1. sagital right and left sides 2. midsagital right and left halves 3. transvers tops and bottoms 4. frontal fronts and backs