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Revolutionary Movements
• Haiti in 1804 gained its independence.
Haitian independence destroyed sugar
industry.
• Other movements:
a) Barbados in 1816 (revolt)
b) Jamaica in 1831 (revolt)
c) Mexico 1821 (independence)
Why and Expansion of Suffrage?
• War of 1812 influenced men to demand
right to vote.
• New states in the west extended residence
right to men over the age the 21 years.
• Competition for party votes expanded
suffrage.
Voting Exclusions
• African-Americans denied right to vote
based on racism.
• Women denied right to vote based on
patriarchal belief.
Women and Community Reform
• Upper class women engaged in community
reform.
• Women through church related groups
provided charity.
a) Raised money schools, libraries, and
churches.
Popular Democracy
• Men’s political culture participation
increased: political rallies, parades, polling
placed provided food and alcohol.
• New politics emphasized party loyalty and
participation.
Stump Speaking, by George Caleb Bingham
Print Revolution
• Newspapers increased from 376 in 1810 to
1,200 in 1835.
• Newspapers were published by political
parties and were partisan, affordable, and
informed public about politics.
Politics in an Oyster House, by Richard
Caton Woodville (1845)
Andrew Jackson (elected 1828)
• Jackson symbolized pioneer independence.
• Was very anti-Native American.
• Appealed to ordinary Americans because he
was a self made man and did not come from
a wealthy background.
• Ignored his cabinet and relied on informal
group.
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (background)
• Was born in N. Carolina in 1767.
• Had no family support and moved west.
• Became and lawyer and a slave-owning
planter.
Andrew Jackson, 1834
Political Differences
• Strong political figures during Jackson’s
presidency.
• John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina) supported
slavery.
• Daniel Webster (Mass.) sided with commercial
interests.
• Henry Clay (Kent.) supported good and affordable
transportation.
John C.
Calhoun
Henry Clay
Northern and Southern Tensions
• Protective tariffs passed on 1816, 1824, and 1828
to protect growing manufacturing interests.
• Southerners feared retaliation from foreign
countries and this would impact southern cotton.
• Southerners perceived tariffs as unconstitutional
because they could harm the south.
• Northerners wanted protective tariffs to protect
their growing industries.
Nullification Crisis
• Nullification Crisis: Sectional crisis in the
1830s that reflected southern and northern
interests.
• Tariff of 1832 created a strong reaction
from South Carolina.
• South Carolina reacted by refusing to
collect taxes, called for a volunteer militia,
and threatened to secede from Union.
Jackson’s Reaction
• Force Bill gave the federal government
power to collect taxes.
• S. Carolina not supported by other states to
protest Force Bill. As a result, S. Carolina
gave up fight.
Native Americans
• Jackson wanted to relocate native groups.
• Five Civilized Tribes had not moved.
a) Cherokees
b) Chickasaws
c) Choctows
d) Creeks
e) Seminoles
Cherokees
• Cherokees in modern day Georgia assimilated
American way of life.
• Owned the following institutions in an effort to
adapt white ways.
a) prosperous farms
b) business
c) mills (grain and lumber)
d) plantations w/ slaves
Indian Removal Act
• Allocates funds for the relocation of natives.
• Cherokees challenged the removal by suing the
state of Georgia.
• Supreme Court ruling favored Natives.
a) Jackson ignored ruling
• “Trail of Tears” (1838): Forced removal of
Cherokees. They were escorted by a 7,000 men
army and about a ¼ of the died (16,000).
The Removal of Native Groups
• Seminoles staged an armed resistance in the
Florida Everglades.
• Choctaws removed in 1830
• Creeks removed in 1836
Americans Protests
• Not all Americans agreed with the removal
of Native Americans.
• Women strongly disagree with the removal
because they had actively supported
assimilation programs.
a) Women petition Congress to stop removal.
First female petition drive in U.S. history.
Internal Improvements
• Jackson would not fund internal
improvements, for example, transportation.
• He argued that is was states’ responsibility
not the federal government.
The Second U.S. Bank
• The second Bank of the U.S. submitted an early
application for renewal.
a) Congress approved in 1832
• Jackson veto Congress’ approval, and he ended
the bank when $10 million were transfer out.
• Support for Jackson had support from ordinary
Americans.
Political cartoon
Democrats
• Democrats organized in 1828 and favored states
rights and a limited role federal government role.
a) yeoman ideology
b) appealed to Southerners and Westerners (rural)
c) little government interference
d) expansionists
Whigs (opposed Jackson)
• Whigs organized in early 1830s to oppose
Jackson. They favored the following:
a) strong federal government
b) Bank of U.S.
c) protective tariffs
d) government intervention
American Culture/Arts
• Americans begin to look internally for
influences.
• The Last of the Mohicans contained
American theme, for example, western
expansion
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• American painters
Kindred Spirits, Asher Durand,
1849