Download Schizophrenic Disorders

Schizophrenia (now known as Schizophrenic Disorders)
The literal translation is “split mind” which
refers to a split from reality.
Do not confuse it with having “split
personalities.” That would be DID.
• You will often hear “psychosis” as part of
schizophrenia. Psychosis refers to a state in
which a person’s perceptions and
thoughts are fundamentally removed
from reality.
• The DSM-5 recognizes a class of disorders
called “schizophrenia 1spectrum and other
psychotic disorders.”
Symptoms of Schizophrenic
Disorder
Positive symptoms: the presence (addition)
of inappropriate behaviors. These include:
–
Hallucinations: hearing, seeing, or smelling
things that are not there.
–
Delusions: false, unusual, and sometimes
magical beliefs.
–
Paranoia: believing people are out to get you
–
Thought Disorder: unusual and bizarre thought
processes, often disorganized.
–
Referential Thinking: giving personal meaning
to completely random events.
–
Movement Disorders: unusual mannerisms,
body movements, and facial expressions.
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Symptoms of Schizophrenic
Disorder
• Negative symptoms: the absence
(subtraction) of appropriate behaviors, like
social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and
lost or decrease of social functions. These
include:
– Flat Effect: the display of little or no emotion
– Inability to read emotions of others.
– Catatonia: immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts
for long periods of time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s1lzxHRO4U
• Cognitive symptoms: deficits in executive
functioning, including difficulty maintaining
attention, problems holding information in
memory, and inability to interpret information
and make decisions.
Experiencing Schizophrenic
Disorder
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWYw
ckFrksg
Onset and Development of
Schizophrenic Disorder
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia,
and throughout the world over 21 million
people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2012).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they
mature into adults, around 18 for men and
25 for women.
It affects men and women equally, but
men suffer from it more severely than
women.
The risk of suicide is eight times that for the
general population.
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Chronic and Acute Schizophrenic
Disorder
When SD is slow to develop
(chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such
people with this kind of schizophrenic
disorder usually display negative symptoms.
When SD rapidly develops (acute/reactive)
recovery is better. Such people with this
kind of schizophrenic disorder usually show
positive symptoms.
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Understanding Schizophrenic
Disorder
The causes of Schizophrenic disorder has
been studied looking at it through
biological, psychological, and sociocultural
lenses.
Schizophrenic disorder is heritable: you
have a higher chance of acquiring a
schizophrenic disorder if you have a parent
who suffers from it than if none of your
parents suffered from it. It’s not a
guarantee you will, but it raises the risk
significantly.
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BIOLOGICAL: Genetic Factors
Viral Infection
Schizophrenic Disorder has also been
observed in individuals who contracted a
viral infection (flu) during the middle of their
fetal development.
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BIOLOGICAL: Genetic Factors
The likelihood of an individual suffering from
schizophrenic disorder is 50% if their identical
twin has the disease (Gottesman, 2001).
0
10
20
30
40
50
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
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BIOLOGICAL: Genetic Factors
The following shows the prevalence of
schizophrenic disorder in identical twins as
seen in different countries.
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BIOLOGICAL: Structural Brain
Abnormalities
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the
frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of
patients with schizophrenic disorder.
Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro
Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health
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BIOLOGICAL: Structural Brain
Abnormalities
Patients with schizophrenic disorder may
exhibit morphological changes in the brain
like enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.
Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC
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BIOLOGICAL: Neurotransmitter
Regulation
• Dopamine Over-activity: Researchers
found that patients who suffer from
schizophrenic disorder express higher
levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the
brain.
• Glutamate Over-activity: The majority of
excitatory messages are sent by
glutamate, a neurotransmitter that sends
the message for the other neurons to fire.
Psychological Factors
• Once believed that unresponsive parents
caused schizophrenic disorder, it is now
believed that stress plays a role.
• The vulnerability-stress hypothesis (or
diasthesis-stress model) is a much more
common explanation. The genetic
component is still there, but the adaptive
or maladaptive way we deal with stress is
a factor.
Sociocultural Factors
Environmental factors can trigger
schizophrenic disorder if the individual is
genetically predisposed (Nicol & Gottesman,
1983).
Genain Sisters
The genetically identical
Genain
sisters suffer from
schizophrenic disorder. Two
suffered more abuse from
their father than the others
and ended up suffering from
a more severe case of
schizophrenia than those
abused less, thus showing
there are contributing
environmental factors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv0b1unxUpM
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