Download The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System
Question # 1 In contrast to hormones, neurotransmitters
A) are released from neurons.
B) not carried by the bloodstream.
C) derivatives of peptides.
D) bind only to specific receptors
Question # 2 The word hormone comes from the Greek word meaning
A) target.
B) response
C) secretion.
D) set in motion
E) internal gland.
*Question # 3 When Bayliss and Starling conducted experiments to determine what caused secretion of pancreatic
juice, they
A) cut the blood supply to the upper digestive tract.
B) added acid to the small intestine and got secretions of pancreatic juices.
C) cut the nerve supply to the upper digestive tract.
D) got a response from the pancreas using extracts of cells lining the intestinal tract.
E) All except a are true.
Question # 4 The primary purpose of the endocrine system is to
A) provide a mechanism for rapid response to changes in the body.
B) maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
C) ensure proper growth and development.
D) allow for a mechanism to control gene action.
E) all of the above
Question # 5 Most hormones are distributed throughout the body by the .
A) exocrine system.
B) lymphatic system
C) nervous system.
D) blood system.
E) integumentary system.
Question # 6 The first hormone to be discovered was
A) insulin
B) gastrin.
C) secretin.
D) thyroxine.
E) estrogen.
Question # 7 Which of the following statements is true?
A) Although hormones are carried to all parts of the body, they produce effects only in cells
with proper receptors.
B) Hormones are limited to steroid compounds
C) Hormones are secreted by specialized exocrine glands.
D) Most hormones are controlled by positive feedback mechanisms involving the pituitary gland.
Question # 8 The important feature of all cells that react to a specific hormone is the
A) type of blood supply they receive
B) proximity of the endocrine gland.
C) presence of an appropriate receptor molecule.
D) characteristics of their plasma membranes.
E) presence of specific genes responsive to the hormone.
Question # 9 Target cells
A) are found only in specific endocrine glands
B) are equipped with specific receptor molecules.
C) are muscle cells.
D) may occur in any part of the body.
E) both b and d, but not a or c
Part II:
Question # 1 Second messengers are molecules of
A) steroid compounds.
B) cyclic AMP.
C) ADP.
D) prostaglandin.
E) intermedin.
Question # 2 Steroid hormones do not require a membrane receptor because they
A) are small enough to pass directly through the membrane.
B) are lipid-soluble in the bilayer.
C) pass through special channels
D) are water-soluble.
E) dissolve in the cholesterol of the membranes.
Question # 3 The reason that some individual hormones have so many different effects is that
A) they influence gene transcription
B) they trigger a second messenger system that produces a cascade of effects.
C) there are a great many different cells in different tissues that have specific receptors for the
hormone.
D) the hormone is carried throughout the body and only a small amount is needed to produce its effect.
E) all of the above
Question # 4 Water-soluble hormones
A) have to be transported by specific carriers in the blood.
B) have no trouble entering the target cells.
C) find and react with the surface receptor molecules.
D) sometimes elicit the production of a second messenger.
E) all except b
Question # 5 Which is the predominant second messenger involved in regulating glucose metabolism?
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) adenyl cyclase
D) cyclic AMP
E) all of the above
Question # 6 In the testicular feminization syndrome
A) no testosterone is produced
B) chemicals circulating in the blood deactivate the male hormone.
C) the cellular receptor for testosterone in the target cells is defective.
D) the male with this defect is normal in all respects except that he is sterile.
E) all of the above
Part III:
Question # 1 The most general of the pituitary hormones, in that it may affect almost any cell in the body, is
A) the adrenocorticotropic hormone.
B) the thyroid-stimulating hormone.
C) gonadotropin.
D) somatotropin.
E) prolactin.
Question # 2 The growth hormone is
A) prolactin.
B) adrenalin.
C) thyroxine.
D) ACTH.
E) somatotropin.
Question # 3 The hypothalamus and pituitary link the activities of the endocrine system and nervous system by
A) neurohormones being secreted in response to the summation of neural messages that enter
the hypothalamus.
B) shifts in hormonal concentrations being detected by the anterior pituitary.
C) pheromones being secreted as a response to photoperiodic stimuli.
D) the nervous tissue of the anterior lobe of the pituitary sending stimuli to the glandular tissue of the
posterior pituitary to produce hormones that will be secreted by the hypothalamus.
E) all of the above
Question # 4 Which of the following hormones is different from the others based upon the range of its target cells?
A) corticotropin
B) luteinizing hormone
C) somatotropin
D) thyrotropin
E) follicle-stimulating hormone
Question # 5 Which gland is often called the master gland?
A) pineal
B) pituitary
C) thyroid
D) adrenal
E) pancreas
Question # 6 Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are products of
A) endocrine glands.
B) neurosecretory cells.
C) blood capillaries.
D) the anterior pituitary.
E) kidney and uterine wall cells, respectively
Question # 7 The antidiuretic hormone
A) controls water balance.
B) controls the concentration of urea in the urine.
C) influences blood pressure
D) changes the permeability of the urine-conducting tubules so that the interstitial fluid increases.
E) all of the above
Question # 8 If you were cast up on a desert island with no fresh water to drink, the level of which of the following
would rise in your bloodstream in an effort to conserve water?
A) erythropoietin
B) oxytocin
C) insulin
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) glucose
Question # 9 Which is an example of an organ that is nervous in origin, structure, and function but secretes
substances into the bloodstream?
A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) pancreas
D) adrenal cortex
E) testis
Question # 10 A drop in blood volume would trigger the body to secrete
A) parathyroid hormones.
B) somatotropin.
C) antidiuretic hormone.
D) insulin.
E) glucocorticoids.
Question # 11 The immediate stimulus for the release of milk from the female breast is the
A) culmination of the maternal instinct.
B) excessive accumulation of milk.
C) mechanical stimulation of the breast by sucking
D) time of day.
E) interaction of hormones.
Question # 12 Prolactin
A) stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
B) causes the development of breasts and other secondary sexual characteristics in the male.
C) acts in concert with FSH to produce milk.
D) has secondary effects on reducing the size of the uterus after birth.
Question # 13 Oxytocin affects the
A) uterine wall.
B) voluntary muscles throughout the body
C) nervous tissue.
D) target cells in the brain.
E) target cells in the digestive tract
Question # 14 The pituitary hormone associated most directly with metabolic rate and with growth and development
is
A) ACTH.
B) TSH.
C) FSH.
D) LH
E) ADH
Question # 15 The luteinizing hormone
A) stimulates ovulation.
B) has no function in males
C) is produced by the corpus luteum.
D) stimulates milk production.
E) promotes sperm formation.
Question # 16 ACTH
A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary
B) has target cells in the autonomic nervous system
C) has target cells in the adrenal cortex.
D) has target cells in the adrenal medulla.
E) initiates the autoimmune response.
Question # 17 The pituitary gland is controlled by the
A) pons.
B) corpus callosum
C) medulla.
D) thalamus
E) hypothalamus.
Question # 18 Which statement is true?
A) The anterior pituitary gland is essentially nervous tissue.
B) The anterior pituitary gland secretes only two hormones.
C) The posterior pituitary gland is the master gland.
D) The posterior pituitary gland only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
E) all of the above
Question # 19 The anterior pituitary secretions produce their effects in the
A) gonads.
B) thyroid glands.
C) adrenal glands.
D) mammary glands.
E) all of the above
Question # 20 The secretion of each of the hormones from the anterior pituitary requires
A) stimulation from the posterior pituitary.
B) that they first be secreted from the neurons of the hypothalamus.
C) two capillary beds
D) the action of minute amounts of releasing hormones.
E) both c and d
Question # 21 The control over milk production, water balance, and labor in childbirth is mediated by the __________
gland.
A) pineal
B) anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary
D) parathyroid
E) thyroid
Part IV:
Question # 1 Dwarfism may be due to insufficient production of
A) mineralocorticoid.
B) glucocorticoid.
C) calcitonin.
D) somatotropin.
E) the parathyroid hormone.
Question # 2 Acromegaly is the result of excessive secretion of which of the following by adults?
A) mineralocorticoid
B) glucocorticoid
C) thyroxine
D) testosterone
E) somatotropin
Part V:
Question # 1 Angiotensin is produced in the
A) bloodstream.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) kidneys
E) heart.
Question # 2 You have just moved from Norfolk, Virginia (sea level), to Taos, New Mexico (high in the mountains),
and you find yourself out of breath climbing a small hill. Three months later, climbing the same hill, you have no
difficulty. In the interim you have not altered your level of activity or diet. Which hormone has been at work?
A) angiotensin
B) erythropoietin
C) aldosterone
D) estrogen
E) none of the above
Question # 3 Which gland secretes sex hormones?
A) testis
B) adrenal medulla
C) thyroid
D) kidney
E) pancreas
Question # 4 Which hormone prepares and maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy?
A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) luteinizing hormone
E) both a and b
Question # 5 The gonads are another name for the
A) parathyroid and thyroid.
B) ovary and testis.
C) adrenal cortex and medulla.
D) anterior and posterior pituitary.
E) none of the above
Question # 6 Which of the following is NOT produced by the gonads?
A) testosterone
B) progesterone
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) androgens
E) All are produced by the gonads.
Part VI:
Question # 1 Insulin directly affects the
A) secretion of saliva.
B) storage of proteins.
C) secretion of pancreatic juices
D) metabolism of sugar
E) utilization of fat reserves.
Question # 2 Which of the following is true of "type 1 diabetes"?
A) Insulin levels are near normal.
B) Target cells do not respond to insulin.
C) It is the more common form of diabetes.
D) It is thought to be an autoimmune disease.
E) It usually occurs in middle-aged people.
Question # 3 The actions of insulin and glucagon could be described as
A) synergistic.
B) antagonistic.
C) cooperative.
D) permissive.
E) mutualistic.
Question # 4 If you skip a meal, which of the following conditions would prevail?
A) Insulin levels would rise.
B) Glucagon levels would rise.
C) Glycogen would be converted to glucose.
D) a and c
E) b and c
Question # 5 Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in the
A) pancreas.
B) liver.
C) thymus.
D) thyroid.
E) none of the above
Question # 6 The pancreatic secretions governing glucose levels are precisely controlled by
A) neural connections to the pancreas.
B) the blood-brain barrier.
C) cooperative interactions
D) homeostatic feedback loops
E) releasing factors.
Question # 7 Specialized islet cells that secrete hormones are found scattered throughout the
A) adrenal cortex.
B) liver.
C) thymus.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) pancreas.
Question # 8 Which gland is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?
A) pancreas
B) adrenal
C) ovary
D) thyroid
E) pituitary
Question # 9 The hormone that is antagonistic in action to glucagon is
A) norepinephrine.
B) insulin.
C) thyroxine.
D) epinephrine.
E) mineralocorticoids.
Question # 10 Glucagon is produced by the
A) adrenal cortex.
B) adrenal medulla.
C) thyroid.
D) kidneys.
E) pancreas.
Part VII:
Question # 1 Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates mineral balance?
A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) antidiuretic hormone
D) angiotensin
E) insulin
Question # 2 The hormone whose levels remain high when the body is suffering from inflammation and stress is
A) cortisol.
B) somatotropin.
C) thymosin.
D) prolactin.
E) parathyroid hormone.
Question # 3 The adrenal medulla produces
A) mineralocorticoids.
B) epinephrine.
C) cortisol.
D) testosterone.
E) glucocorticoids.
Question # 4 Glucocorticoids
A) are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B) influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
C) function during infection and injury as part of the defense response.
D) are exemplified by cortisol.
E) all of the above
Question # 5 The only endocrine gland whose secretory function is under direct control by sympathetic nerves is the
A) pancreas.
B) thyroid.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) thymus.
E) testis.
Question # 6 The "fight-or-flight" response is enhanced by secretions
A) from the adrenal cortex.
B) known as epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) stored in the pancreas
D) both a and b
E) a, b, and c
Question # 7 Blood glucose levels are regulated by
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) cortisol.
D) a and b only
E) a, b, and c
Question # 8 The first hormone produced by the body in response to an attack of hypoglycemia is
A) adrenocorticotropin.
B) glucocorticoid.
C) corticotropin releasing hormone.
D) insulin.
E) thyroxine.
Question # 9 A friend tells you that her husband has been feeling guilty and stressed for the past month. During the
same time interval he has felt fatigued most of the time and many foods now seem to upset his stomach. Doctors
have already checked for ulcers, cancer, blood pressure changes, and other blood irregularities, but these apparently
are normal. You are an endocrinologist, so you suggest that he be tested for the most likely endocrine malfunction,
which would be
A) androgen/estrogen levels in the bloodstream
B) glucocorticoid levels in the bloodstream.
C) calcitonin level in the bloodstream
D) melatonin level in the bloodstream.
E) none of the above
Part 8:
Question # 1 Which of the following glands produces only one type of hormone?
A) adrenal medulla
B) adrenal cortex
C) pancreas
D) parathyroid
Question # 2 Synthetic thyroxine taken orally in the form of pills is the recommended treatment for
A) hypothyroidism.
B) goiter.
C) hyperthyroidism.
D) Grave's disease.
E) acromegaly.
Question # 3 The normal individual has how many parathyroid glands?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6
Question # 4 Which of the following does NOT affect blood sugar levels?
A) glucagon
B) epinephrine
C) parathyroid hormones
D) glucocorticoids
E) insulin
Question # 5 If you eliminated all sources of calcium (dairy products, some vegetables) from your diet, the level of
which of the following would rise in an attempt to supply calcium stored in your body to the tissues that need it?
A) aldosterone
B) calcitonin
C) mineralocorticoids
D) parathyroid hormone
E) all of the above
Question # 6 A goiter is an enlarged form of which gland?
A) adrenal
B) pancreas
C) thyroid
D) parathyroid
E) thymus
Question # 7 A goiter is caused by a deficiency in
A) thyroxine.
B) triiodothyronine.
C) calcium.
D) iodine.
E) both a and b
Question # 8 Calcitonin acts in opposition to
A) the parathyroid hormone
B) thyroxine
C) glucagon.
D) the adrenal medulla.
E) all of the above
Part 9:
Question # 1 The gland that functions in controlling the reproductive cycle is the
A) thyroid.
B) pineal.
C) thymus.
D) pancreas.
E) kidney.
Question # 2 Which gland promotes body immune response as its primary function?
A) pineal
B) thymus
C) thyroid
D) gonads
E) adrenal
Question # 3 Which gland is the remnant of the third eye?
A) pineal
B) pituitary
C) thyroid
D) parathyroid
E) thymus
Question # 4 Which gland is involved in the maturation of lymphocytes?
A) thyroid
B) adrenal
C) kidney
D) thymus
E) parathyroid
Question # 5 Which gland is associated with biological clocks or biorhythms?
A) pineal
B) parathyroid
C) hypothalamus
D) pituitary
E) thymus
Question # 6 A group of hormones that are believed to affect the membrane surface receptors of lymphocytes are
A) thymosins.
B) prostaglandins.
C) erythropoietin.
D) secretin
E) none of the above
Part 10:
Question # 1 Pheromones are used primarily for
A) signaling target cells in the vicinity of the secreting cells.
B) use as transmitter substances in certain synapses.
C) arousing interest in a potential mate.
D) causing a response in a part of the body some distance from the site of secretion.
E) all of the above, depending on the species
Question # 2 Which of the following diminishes in quantity as a person ages?
A) epidermal growth factor
B) prostaglandins
C) nerve growth factor
D) insulin
E) glucocorticoids
Question # 3 Which glands secrete pheromones?
A) exocrine
B) ductless
C) sebaceous
D) endocrine
E) digestive
Question # 4 A grab-bag of local hormones present in tissues throughout the body (lungs, gut, liver, and the prostate
gland in males) that may act as mediators between membrane receptors and the enzymes that activate cAMP are
A) thymosins.
B) prostaglandins.
C) erythropoietins.
D) secretins.
E) all of the above
Question # 5 Prostaglandins
A) affect blood flow by acting on smooth muscles in the blood cells.
B) cause menstrual cramps
C) may produce strong allergic reactions.
D) are produced by the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not follow ovulation.
E) all of the above
Question # 6 Allergic reactions to airborne dust and pollen may be aggravated by what hormone?
A) prostaglandin
B) somatostatin
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
E) nerve growth factor