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1/23/2013
Previewing the Chapter
Chapter 7: The
French
Revolution and
Napoleon
 Revolution leads
to the overthrow and
execution of the French King.
 After a period of instability, Napoleon
takes control of France and most of
Europe.
 Napoleon’s thirst for power leads to his
downfall, and European leaders craft a
lasting peace.
1789-1815
Section 1: Revolution
Threatens the French King
 Members
of the Third
Estate demand a
more representative
government.
 The fall of the Bastille
and the king’s
removal from
Versailles signal the
beginning of the
French Revolution.
Section 3: Napoleon Forges an
Empire


A brilliant general,
Napoleon Bonaparte,
becomes emperor of
France and assumes
broad powers.
Through military
victories, he
establishes mastery
over most of Europe.
Section 2: Revolution Brings
Reform and Terror



The Legislative
Assembly faces war
and internal divisions.
The king is executed,
and Robespierre
inaugurates the Reign
of Terror.
A third constitution
puts power in the
hands of the upper
middle class.
Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire
Collapses
 Napoleon
makes
political and
military mistakes as
he tries to increase
his power.
 He is defeated,
returns, is defeated
again, and finishes
his life in exile.
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Section 5: The Congress of
Vienna Convenes
What Do You Know About…??
 Following
the plan
of Metternich, the
Congress of Vienna
reestablishes
stability in Europe
after the defeat of
Napoleon.
 Napoleon
Bonaparte?
can you tell
about his character
from this painting of
him?
 What
Connect History and
Geography
Understanding Time Lines
 The
French Revolution and Napoleon
 In

what year was Louis XVI executed?
then became emperor of France?
 Who

1789
Washington is
inaugurated
as first US
president

In how many years would he be defeated?
1796
1804
Napoleon
appointed
commander of
French forces in
Italy
Storming of the
Bastille ignites the
French Revolution
1793
Louis XVI is
executed by the
guillotine. Reign of
Terror begins
1799
Napoleon
overthrows the
Directory
through a coup
d'état
Connect History and
Geography
Look at the map on page 215 of your
textbook

Napoleon crowns
himself emperor,
begins to create
a vast European
empire
In 1810, Napoleon ruled a vast empire, with
control over most of Europe.
The map shows that the Russian empire was an
ally of Napoleon’s

1815
1815
Napoleon is
defeated at the
Battle of
Waterloo


How do you know this?
In less than two years, Napoleon tried to
strengthen his power by invading his Russian ally
In the end, this contributed to his downfall
Previewing Themes
 Power



and Authority:
With absolute rulers dominating Europe,
Enlightenment thinkers began questioning
why so few held so much power.
The French Revolution was an attempt to
put power into the hands of many.
Power changed hands several times in this
short period of history.
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Previewing Themes
 Economics:
 Revolution:


Previewing Themes

The success of the American Revolution
inspired the French, some of whom even
participated in it.
The French people were deeply affected
by the colonists’ overthrow of the British
and, in turn, revolted against their own
oppressive rulers.


The gap between the rich and the poor
widened when France’s economy
weakened.
Hungry peasants and city dwellers were
outraged by what they felt was unjust
treatment.
The economy of France became a major
cause of the French Revolution.
Revolution Threatens the
French King

Chapter 7: The
French Revolution
and Napoleon
Section 1: Revolution Threatens
the French King
Revolution Threatens the
French King
 Main Idea:

Economic and social inequalities in the Old
Regime helped cause the French
Revolution
 Why




In the 1700s, France was considered the most
advanced country in Europe.
It was the center of the Enlightenment and it had
a large population and prosperous foreign trade.
France’s culture was widely praised and emulated
by the rest of the world.
However, the appearance of success was
deceiving. There was great unrest in France,
caused by high prices, high taxes, and disturbing
questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of
Rousseau and Voltaire.
Revolution Threatens the
French King
What is the most striking
difference between these two
women?
How do poor people
sometimes feel about wealthy
people?
It Matters Now:
Throughout history, economic and social
inequalities have at times led peoples to
revolt against their governments.
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Revolution Threatens the
French King

Terms and Names:










Old Regime
Estate
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
Great Fear
Bourgeoisie





Old Regime—a social and political system that existed in
France during the 1770s
Estates were the three social classes of the Old Regime
The Privileged Estates:

First Estate—composed of the Catholic clergy

Second Estate—composed of rich nobles




They owned 10 percent of the land and paid few taxes
Strongly spoke out against Enlightenment ideas
Two percent of the population and owned 20 percent of
the land
Disagreed about Enlightenment ideas
The Forces of Change
The Third Estate:

The Old Regime

The Old Order

The Old Order

This was the 97
percent of the people
Composed of
peasants, urban
workers, and the
bourgeoisie, or middle
class
They had few
privileges, paid heavy
taxes
As a result, they want
change
Enlightenment Ideas:


Economic Troubles:



The Forces of Change

A Weak Leader


Louis’ poor decisions
and lack of patience
add the France’s
problems
He calls the Estates
General


A meeting of
representatives from all
three estates
But with each Estate
having one vote, the
Third Estate would
always lose out in the
voting
The ideas of the Enlightenment inspire some of
the people in the Third Estate
High taxes and rising costs damaged the French
economy in the 1780s
King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette are
known for their extravagance
Louis doubles the nation’s debt, and the banks
refuse to loan him more money
Dawn of the Revolution

The National Assembly



The Third Estate has little power under the old rules.
With support from a French Abbey called Sieyes,
major changes are made in the French
government.
With these changes, the Third Estate sets up a
National Assembly—a new legislation to make
reforms independent of the Estates General.


This marked the beginning of a representative
democracy and the rejection of the monarchy—it
was the start of the Revolution
After breaking down the locked door to their
meeting room, the Third Estate delegates swear
an oath on a tennis court—hence the Tennis Court
Oath—to write a new constitution for France
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Dawn of the Revolution
 Storming



the Bastille:
Although agreeing to the National
Assembly, Louis no longer trusted his own
French army and stationed his mercenary
Swiss army around Paris
Rumors begin to fly that Louis wanted to kill
French citizens and suppress the National
Assembly
On July 14, 1789, a mob attacks and seizes
the Bastille, a prison in Paris, for ammunition.
Review

Terms and Names:









Old Regime
Estate
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
Great Fear
Bourgeoisie
Analyzing Themes
Economics:
How were the economic conditions in France
similar to or different from those in England and
the American colonies before their revolutions?
 Think about…




France’s three estates
The role of taxation
France’s national debt
Conditions in the colonies before the American
Revolution
A Great Fear Sweeps France

Rebellion:




After the fall of the Bastille, rumors and panic spread
throughout the French countryside.
Peasants became lawless and during this period of the
Great Fear, began attacking nobles and even each
other.
Peasants break in to nobles’ homes and destroy legal
papers binding them to the old feudal system.
In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over the rising
price of bread.



It is said that during this time, Marie Antoinette remarked
“Let the eat cake”—this is just a myth!
They force their way into the Palace of Versailles,
demanding that Louis return to Paris
Louis and his family left Versailles, never to return,
marking a change of power and the beginning of
national reforms about to take over France
Forming Opinions
Do you think that changes in the French
government were inevitable?
 Think about…




The leadership of Louis XVI
The French national debt
Enlightenment ideas
Other world revolutions
Web Diagram
Causes of
the
Revolution
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Revolution Brings Reform and
Terror
Chapter 7: The
French Revolution
and Napoleon
Section 2: Revolution Brings
Reform and Terror
Revolution Brings Reform and
Terror

Peasants were not the only members of
French society to feel the Great Fear

Throughout France, angry peasants struck out
against members of the upper classes.
In the summer of 1789, a few months before
the women’s march to Versailles, some nobles
and clergymen in the National Assembly
responded to the uprisings in an emotional
late-night meeting.


Nobles and clergymen were equally afraid
Revolution Brings Reform and
Terror
 Main Idea:
 Read

about the guillotine on page 225
How did condemned persons die?
 Why
were some spectators displeased
with the guillotine?
Revolution Brings Reform and
Terror
 Terms









The Revolutionary government of France
made reforms but also used terror and
violence to retain power.
 Why

It Matters Now:
Some governments that lack the support of
their people still use terrorism to control their
citizens.
The Assembly Reforms France
and Names:
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Legislative Assembly
Émigrés
Sans-culottes
Guillotine
Maximilien Robespierre
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror
 The


Rights of Man:
The National Assembly adopts the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
Revolutionary leaders use the slogan,
“Libertée, Egalitée, Fraternitée”
 Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity
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The Assembly Reforms France
A



State-Controlled Church:

tries to Escape:
The Legislative Assembly
•
•
•
Moderates
Sat on the left side
of the hall; were
called left wing
and were said to
be on the left
Opposed to the
king and the idea
of a monarchy
Wanted sweeping
changes in
government and
proposed that
common people
have full power in
a republic
•
•
Sat in the center of
the hall and were
called centrists
Wanted some
changes in
government, but
not as many as the
radicals
•
•
•
Sat on the right
side of the hall;
were called right
wing and said to
be on the right
Upheld the idea of
a limited
monarchy
Wanted few
changes in
government
 Jacobins

Take Control:
The Jacobins were a radical, antimonarchy political organization behind the
1792 changes in government.
After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty
of treason to the French people and is
beheaded—by a new device called the
guillotine
In September 1791, the Assembly finishes the new
constitution.
A new body to pass laws, the Legislative Assembly, is
created.
Factions Split France:


Major problems, including the debt and food shortages
remain.
The Assembly splits into three factions:



Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives
Émigrés—nobles who fled the country, want the Old
Regime back in power.
Sans-culottes—lower classes want even more chages
from the Revolution
War and Execution
Conservatives
War and Execution


Louis, worried about his future, tries to
escape France.
Revolutionaries catch the royal family near
the Netherlands border.
Radicals
A Limited Monarchy:

The National Assembly seizes church lands,
and turns the clergy into public officials.
 Louis

Divisions Develop

Problems with other countries:


Austria and Prussia want Louis in charge of France—
France declares war on both countries.
France at War:





Prussian forces advance and soon threaten to take Paris.
A Parisian mob jails the royal family and kills guards
In September 1791, mobs break into prisons, killing over
1,000 people, including many who support the king.
Pressured by the mobs, the Legislative Assembly formally
deposes the king and then dissolves.
A National Convention forms in September 1791, forming
the French Republic.
War and Execution
 The



War Continues:
The French army, made up of citizens, wins
a great victory over the Prussians and
Austrians at Valmy.
In 1793, Britain, Spain and Holland join
forces against France.
As a result, the National Convention orders
a draft of 300,000 people to reinforce the
army.
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The Terror Grips France
The Terror Grips France

 Divided


Country:
Not all people in France support all the
changes of the Revolution
 Some
liked things just the way they were—at
least they had peace.
The Terror Grips France
 Robespierre



Robespierre Assumes
Control:
Assumes Control:

End of the Terror

Another in Charge of Government:
The period of time under Robespierre was
known as the Reign of Terror.

 Robespierre

killed many of his opponents.
Thousands die during the Terror, including
former allies of France and Marie
Antoinette.
85 percent of those who die during the
terror are either middle or lower class
citizens.
Maximilien
Robespierre was a
Jacobin leader who
rules France for a
year.
He becomes the
leader of the
Committee for Public
Safety—and rules as a
dictator.



In July 1794, Robespierre is arrested by the
National convention and executed.
Public opinion shifts away from the radicals and
towards a more moderate view.
The Moderate leaders write a new constitution.
With this new form of governing, a two-house
legislature and five-man Directory restore order
to France.
The new government names Napoleon
Bonaparte the commander of armies.
Review
Review
 Terms
 Recognizing








and Names:
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Legislative Assembly
Émigrés
Sans-culottes
Guillotine
Maximilien Robespierre
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror


Causes:
After the French rejected the king’s
absolute control, they struggled to create a
more democratic government. However, in
1793, Robespierre became a dictator. What
caused this to happen?
Think about…
 The
political climate prior to Robespierre’s rule
need for a leader
 Robespierre’s personality
 The
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Objectives
Chapter 7: The
French Revolution
and Napoleon
Section 3: Napoleon Forges an
Empire
Napoleon Forges an Empire



Napoleon was a short man (5ft, 3in tall) who
cast a long shadow over the history of
modern times.
He would come to be recognized as one of
the world’s greatest military geniuses—along
with Alexander the Great of Macedonia,
Hannibal of Carthage, and Julius Caesar of
Rome.
In only four years (1795-1799) Napoleon rose
from relative obscurity to become master of
France.
1.
2.
3.
To explain how Napoleon Bonaparte
came to power in France.
To summarize the steps Napoleon took
to restore power to France.
To describe the extent and weaknesses
of Napoleon’s empire.
Napoleon Forges an Empire
 Read
the History Makers feature on page
230 of your textbook, and listen to the
story from Mr. Marfy:

How did Napoleon reward his troops?

How did they feel about him?
Napoleon Forges an Empire
Napoleon Forges an Empire
 Main Idea:
 Terms

A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte
seized power in France and made himself
emperor.
 Why

It Matters Now:
In times of political turmoil, military dictators
often seize control of nations, as in Cuba
with Fidel Castro.







and Names:
Napoleon Bonaparte
Coup d'état
Plebiscite
Lycée
Concordat
Napoleonic Code
Battle of Trafalgar
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Napoleon Seizes Power

Early Life


Napoleon Bonaparte
is born in 1769 in
Corsica
Attends military school


Is teased and prefers
to be alone
Joins the regular army
at 16 and when the
Revolution breaks out
he joins the army of
the new government.
Napoleon Seizes Power

Coup d'état:




In November 1799, Napoleon is able to carry
out a coup d'état, or “blow of state”, by
dissolving the power of the weakened Directory
through his (and his wife Josephine’s) influence
in the national legislature
At age 30, Napoleon assumed dictatorial
powers as the first consul of the French Republic
Napoleon goes on to defeat the British, Russians
and Austrians.
By 1802, Europe was at peace for the first time in
ten years.
Napoleon Rules France

Napoleon Seizes Power
 Hero



 The
news of his defeat was not as publicized
as his victories.
Napoleon Rules France
 Vote





Napoleon kept many changes of the revolution
as well as strengthened the central
government.
He set up an efficient banking system and
efficient tax collection.
Establishes lycées—government-run public
schools designed to train officials
He signed the concordat—an agreement with
the pope to restore Catholicism in France

French peasants and the clergy wanted this, but
it prohibited the Catholic church from directly
meddling with the business of the French state.
of Approval:
After the coup in 1799, Napoleon
convinced the citizens of France that he
had been constitutionally chosen to be the
leader of France.
In 1800, a plebiscite—or vote of the
people—was held to approve a new
constitution
 This
new constitution really gave Napoleon all
real power as first consul.
Napoleon Brings Order After
the Revolution
The Economy
Restoring Order at Home:

of the Hour
In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels
attacking the National Convention.
Napoleon is promoted, and quickly wins
victories in Italy, as well as beating back the
Austrians, quickly gaining popularity.
Once he got to Egypt, he was not as
successful, losing his first of many battles to
British admiral Horatio Nelson.
Goals of the
Revolution
•
•
Equal taxation
Lower inflation
Government &
Society
•
•
Napoleon’s
Actions
•
•
•
•
Results
•
•
Set up fairer tax
code
Set up national
bank
Stabilized currency
Gave state loans
to business
•
Equal taxation
Stable economy
•
•
•
•
•
•
Religion
Less government
corruption
Equal opportunity
in government
•
Appointed officials
by merit
Fired corrupt
officials
Created lycees
Created code of
laws
•
Honest,
competent
officials
Equal opportunity
in government
Public education
•
•
•
•
•
•
Less powerful
Catholic Church
Religious tolerance
Recognized
Catholicism as
“faith of
Frenchmen”
Signed concordat
with pope
Retained seized
church lands
Religious tolerance
Government
control of church
lands
Government
recognition of
church influence
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Why Economics are Important
 National



Why Economics are Important
 Inflation:
Bank:

Allows a central government to regulate
banking activities.
Eliminates problems that arise when banks
operate independently, some even issuing
their own currencies.
Results in people being more confident in
their government.
Why Economics are Important



Napoleon Rules France

 Stabilized


Currency:
Restoring Order at Home:

Results from a national banking system, low
inflation and other factors.
Currency that does not change in value
quickly and that is backed by a central
government contributes to national stability
and peace.
Napoleon Rules France

Napoleon Crowned as
Emperor:



In 1804, the French
overwhelmingly voted
for Napoleon to
become emperor.
On December 2, 1804,
Napoleon arrogantly
crowned himself
emperor at Notre Dame
cathedral in front of the
pope, who traditionally
did this.
With this gesture,
Napoleon signaled that
he was more powerful
than the church.
A general rise in the level of prices.
Increases in the price of food, clothing and
housing are caused by decreases in the
value of money.
During extreme inflation, a loaf of bread
might cost hundreds of dollars.
Low inflation can lead to prosperity and
political stability.
Napoleon created a system of laws known as
the Napoleonic Code
While it was a uniform system of laws, it also
created many injustices—it restricted individual
rights over order and authority.
 It restricted women’s freedom, freedom of the
press and speech, and rights to sell property.
 It also reestablished slavery in the French
colonies of the Caribbean, which had been
abolished under the Revolutionary government.

Napoleon Creates an Empire

Loss of American Territories:


Once word of the Revolution reached the French-ruled island of
Hispaniola, the citizens of Saint Domingue, many of whom were
slaves, demand the same treatment as French citizens.
In 1801, Napoleon sent an army to quell the slave rebellion, but
it was a long and costly affair.





Many French soldiers also died of yellow fever.
Napoleon decides to give up on his dream of empire in the
Americas and turns his focus on conquering Europe.
President Jefferson had expressed an interest in purchasing the
Port of New Orleans.
Seeing an opportunity to regain his losses, Napoleon sells the
entire Louisiana territory to the Americans for $15 million in 1803.
Napoleon also sees this as an opportunity to punish his British
enemies.

“The sale assures forever the power of the United States, and I
have given England a rival, who, sooner or later, will humble her
pride”
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Napoleon Creates an Empire

Conquering Europe:





Napoleon had already conquered parts of
Europe, including the Netherlands.
Britain persuaded Russia, Austria and Sweden to
join in a Third Coalition against France.
In a series of brilliant battles, Napoleon crushes
his enemies.
After the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon issues a
proclamation expressing his pride in his troops.
Eventually the rulers of Austria, Prussia and Russia
all signed peace treaties with Napoleon.
Napoleon Creates an Empire

The French Empire:


 Think

about:
The government after the Terror
Napoleon’s defense of France
Napoleon’s popularity
In 1805, the powerful British navy, under the
command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeated
the combined French and Spanish navies at the
Battle of Trafalgar.
The defeat forced Napoleon to give up his plan
of invading Britain.
Napoleon would have to look for other ways to
try and crush the British.

This ambition would eventually lead to
Napoleon’s undoing.
Review
 Terms






Ironically, Napoleon was only able to maintain control of
his own empire for five years, and it collapsed quickly.
is an old question: “Do the times
make the man, or does the man make
the times?” In your opinion, was Napoleon
the creator or the creation of his times?


Though conquered, many European countries had a a
strong sense of nationalism.
 There


These countries weren’t totally under Napoleon’s control,
but he could manipulate them easily with threats of
military action.
HW Activity—Forming an
Opinion
The Battle of Trafalgar:

The French empire reached its largest extent between
1807-1812.



By 1812, Napoleon controls most of Europe except for
Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire.
He also has puppet rulers in some countries and
alliances with others.


Napoleon Creates an Empire

and Names:
Napoleon Bonaparte
Coup d'état
Plebiscite
Lycée
Concordat
Napoleonic Code
Battle of Trafalgar
HW Activity—Analyzing
Themes

Power and Authority:

To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to
deal with forces both inside and outside the
French Empire. In your judgment, which area
was more crucial to control?

Think about:


The length of the period of civil unrest in France
The power and activities of other European
nations
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Objectives
Chapter 7: The
French Revolution
and Napoleon
1.
Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire
Collapses
2.
The French Empire, 1810
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses



Mrs. Bonapartes
Josephine
To explain Napoleon’s tactical and
political mistakes.
To summarize Napoleon’s defeat,
comeback, and final downfall.
Napoleon worried that his vast empire would
fall apart unless he had an heir whose right to
succeed him was undisputed, so he decided
that he needed a son.
Consequently, he divorced Josephine, who
had failed to bear him a child, and formed an
alliance with the Austrian royal family by
marrying Marie-Louise, the grand-niece of
Marie Antoinette.
In 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a son,
Napoleon II, whom his father named ‘king of
Rome’.
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Marie Louise &
‘the King’
 What
words describe Napoleon in the
cartoon on page 234?
 What
words describe Britain in the
cartoon?
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Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
 Main Idea:
 Terms

Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic
feelings across Europe and contributed to
his downfall.
 Why





Napoleon, still hoping to ruin Britain, orders a
blockade in November 1806—forcing the closing
of ports in Europe.
He called this the Continental System, since it’s
intended goal was to strengthen the European
continent and weaken Britain.
Smugglers and uncooperative allies, including
Napoleon’s brother, Louis, make the blockade fail.
Britain responds with a blockade of its own, led by
its powerful navy.
Angered by the blockade, Americans fight
England in the War of 1812.

The Peninsular War:



Because Portugal was not complying with the
Continental System, Napoleon sent troops
through Spain, causing protest and nationalism.
Napoleon the makes his own brother king of
Spain, which enrages the Spaniards even more.
Spanish fight the French troops as guerrillas—
small groups that attack then disappear.







and Names:
Blockade
Continental System
Guerrilla
Peninsular War
Scorched-earth policy
Waterloo
Hundred Days
Battle of Lake Erie, 1813

One famous battle was the Battle of Lake Erie,
won by American Commodore Oliver Hazard
Perry aboard the USS Niagara.
This was does no real damage to Britain
Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes


In the 1990s, nationalistic feelings
contributed to the breakup of nations such
as Yugoslavia.
The Continental System:


It Matters Now:
Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes


Francisco Goya
Los Fusilamientos del Tres de Mayo
(the executions of the 3rd of May)
The guerrillas are aided by the British.
Napoleon loses 300,000 men during the
Peninsular War.
In Germany, Italy and other nations, nationalist
rebels fight the French.
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Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes

The Invasion of Russia:

Napoleon and Czar Alexander of Russia had been allies.

In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000
men.
Refusing the bait, Alexander pulled his troops back and use
scorched-earth policy—destroying crops and livestock.
In September 1812, the Russians retreat from Moscow after the
Battle of Borodino.
Instead of surrendering, Alexander has left Moscow in flames for
Napoleon and his 100,000 men.
After a five-week wait, Napoleon retreats, losing thousands
more soldiers to cold weather, famine and raids.
Out of 420,000 soldiers that entered Russia with Napoleon, only
10,000 survived.






However, Alexander continued to sell grain to the British and soon
the alliance fell apart.
Napoleon’s Downfall

Retreat from Russia, 1812
Napoleon Suffers Defeat:





By October 1813, Napoleon had raised another
army—but he no longer had experienced
veterans on his side.
Britain, Russia, Sweden and Prussia join forces and
quickly defeat Napoleon.
In April 1814, Napoleon gives up his throne and
accepts the terms of surrender offered by Czar
Alexander I.
Napoleon was given a small pension and
banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba.
However, Napoleon would soon return to France.
Napoleon’s Downfall

The Hundred Days:







Louis XVIII, brother of the guillotined king, was appointed the
new ruler of France.
The French disliked him and he soon became unpopular
amongst the peasants.
Napoleon escaped from Elba and by spring of 1815, he
became emperor again.
European allies gathered their armies and on June 15, 1815,
Napoleon attacked the British troops at Waterloo, in Belgium.
The Brits, led by the Duke of Wellington, held their ground until
Prussian reinforcements arrived—Napoleon was again
defeated.
This marks the end of the Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last
attempt at power.
This time, Napoleon is exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in
the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821.
Napoleon’s Lasting Legacy
Review
 Napoleon
 Terms
was a military genius and
brilliant administrator.
 However, his greatest battles were not
won in the battlefield, but from reforms in
laws, banking and religion.
 His defeat opened doors for freed
European countries to establish a new
order.







and Names:
Blockade
Continental System
Guerrilla
Peninsular War
Scorched-earth policy
Waterloo
Hundred Days
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HW Activity—Analyzing
Motives

What were the main reasons people in other
European countries resisted Napoleon?

Think about:



Chapter 7: The
French Revolution
and Napoleon
Why some of his own allies refused to abide by
the Continental System
Why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for
several years
Why the Russians destroyed their own crops and
cities
Objectives
Section 5: The Congress of
Vienna Convenes
The Congress of Vienna
Convenes

1.
2.
To explain the importance of the
decision made at the Congress of
Vienna.
To show how the ideas of the French
Revolution continued to influence
people in Europe.
The Congress of Vienna
Convenes



European heads of government were looking to
establish long-lasting peace and stability on the
continent after the defeat of Napoleon.
They had a goal of a new European order—on of
collective security and stability for the entire
continent.
A series of meetings in Vienna, known as the
Congress of Vienna, were called to set policies to
achieve this goal.
Originally, the Congress of Vienna was scheduled
to last for four weeks. Instead, it went on for eight
months.
The Congress of Vienna
Convenes
 Main Idea:
 Read
‘Connect to Today’ on page 241.
what is the purpose of the United Nations?
 What
did the major powers agree to after
World War II?

After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at
the Congress of Vienna tried to restore
order and reestablish peace.
 Why

It Matters Now:
International bodies such as the United
Nations play an active role in trying to
maintain world peace and stability today.
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The Congress of Vienna
Convenes
Metternich’s Plan for Europe

 Terms






and Names:
Metternich and the
Great Powers:




Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
Balance of power
Legitimacy
Holy Alliance
Concert of Europe
Metternich’s Plan for Europe


 Balance



of Power:
European powers weaken France, but
leave most of it intact.
The borders remained the same as in 1790,
and France kept all its overseas possessions
and its army.
France did have to return all lands taken by
Napoleon, but the Congress of Vienna was
overall fairly easy on France.
The Congress of Vienna were a series of
meetings held between 1814 and 1815 that
reshape Europe.
Several of Europe’s most powerful leaders
attended—King Frederick William III of Prussia,
Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Emperor Francis I
of Austria.


Britain and France were represented by their
foreign ministers.
None was more influential than the foreign
minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von
Metternich.
Metternich’s Plan for Europe
 The
Metternich was an
aristocrat and
distrusted the ideals of
the French Revolution.
He said that
Napoleon’s rise to
power was a direct
result of experiments
with democracy.
His chief goal was to
restore the balance of
power—with no single
country being a threat
to others.
Metternich’s Plan for Europe
A Meeting of Nations:




Containment of France:
The idea was to make countries surrounding
France stronger.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands was
formed and Switzerland was recognized as
an independent country.
Austria dominates a new German
Confederation of 39 German states.
The Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by
adding Genoa.
Metternich’s Plan for Europe

Legitimacy:






Monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon
were returned to their thrones, granting their
monarchy legitimacy.
Most monarchs rule over constitutional
monarchies.
Leaders hoped to restore order through these
changes.
Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all
European governments to work together.
The Congress of Vienna was one of the most fair
agreements don in the modern era.
European nations agreed to preserve peace,
which lasts almost 40 years.
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Political Changes Beyond
Vienna

Conservative Europe:




Because Louis XVIII adopted a constitutional
monarchy like Britain’s, other absolute monarchs
in Europe became nervous.
Russia, Prussia and Austria pledge to fight any
new revolutions by forming the Holy Alliance.
Metternich strengthened these alliances by
creating the Concert of Europe, whereby
countries pledged to help each other if
revolution broke out.
Despite this, the ideas of The Revolution had
already taken hold throughout Europe—there
was no turning back the clock.
Political Changes Beyond
Vienna
 Long-Term




Legacy:
Power of Britain and Prussia increased, while
the power of France was diminished.
Nationalism grew in Italy, Greece, Germany
and other new countries.
As revolutions exploded, more new
countries would form.
Principles of democracy and equality
became the new way of thinking.
Review
 Evaluating:

From France’s point of view, were the
decisions made at the Congress of Vienna
fair?

Think about:
 Metternich’s
three goals
loss of territory
 The fears of the rest of Europe
 France’s
Political Changes Beyond
Vienna
 Revolutions in


Latin America:
When Napoleon replaced the king of Spain
with his brother, Joseph, rebellions broke out
throughout the Spanish American colonies.
Eventually, liberalist revolts against the new
king of Spain, Ferdinand VII, resulted in
independence for Mexico in 1820.
 Liberalist
revolts in Portugal then gave the
Brazilians an opportunity to declare their own
independence.
Review
 Terms






and Names:
Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
Balance of Power
Legitimacy
Holy Alliance
Concert of Europe
Review
 Analyzing
Themes—Power and Authority:

Why do you think liberals and conservatives
differed over who should have power?

Think about:
 Old
Regime privileges
toward change
 Enlightenment ideas
 Attitudes
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Long-Term Causes
Chapter 7: The
French
Revolution and
Napoleon
1789-1815
 Enlightenment
Ideas—liberty and equality
furnished by the American
Revolution
 Social and economic injustices in the Old
Regime
 Example
Chapter Review
Immediate Causes
Revolution!!
 Economic
Crisis—famine and government
debt
 Weak leadership
 Discontent of the Third Estate
 Fall
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
of the Bastille
Assembly
 Declaration of the Rights of Man and a
new constitution
 National
 Conservative reaction
 End
of the Old Regime
 Execution of monarchs
 War with the First Coalition
 Reign of Terror
 Rise of Napoleon
 Decline
in French power
of Enlightenment ideas
 Growth of nationalism
 Rise of international organizations
(Congress of Vienna)
 Revolutions in Latin America
 Spread
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Chapter Review
 Go
to page 242 in your textbook.
review!
 Let’s
20