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What is Classical Conditioning? Classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning or classical learning or Pavlovian conditioning) is the simplest form of learning. We learn only simple responses through this method. Classically learned responses include learning likes, dislikes, fears and emotions. The things we learn through classical conditioning are involuntary, internal responses. An example would be learning to fear dogs because one bit you, or learning to like a song because it became associated with a good feeling you had when you initially heard it. How Does Classical Conditioning Work? Classical conditioning results from two stimuli being paired together so that the attributes of one become associated with the other in the learner's mind. For example, the sight of a steak can make us salivate because the sight of a steak has previously been paired with the taste. Another example might be that the sight of a boss can make us anxious because that boss has previously been paired with our being reprimanded. Notice that anxiety, likes, dislikes, fears, etc. are all involuntary and internal reactions we have. We cannot control them and they happen without our stopping to think. For example, we become anxious or sick to our stomach at the sight of the boss, without even having a chance to think something negative about the possible interaction ahead of us. What is Operant Conditioning? Operant conditioning is a more complex type of learning which is called operant because it is based on the learner actively and voluntarily "operating" on his/her external environment. In operant conditioning we learn from making new responses (by trial and error, by our response being shaped by a "teacher" or the environment, or by watching others - called observational learning, modeling or vicarious learning). These new responses lead to some consequence. If the consequence is enjoyable to us we are reinforced. This means that we will probably repeat the response the next time that we are in the same or a similar situation. However, if we dislike the consequence we received, we are less likely to make that response the next time we are in the same or a similar situation. This is called punishment. It is the opposite of reinforcement. What is Learned from Operant Conditioning? The types of responses we learn through operant conditioning range from very simple actions such as smiling to get our mother's attention, to very complex actions, such as driving a car to get us where we want to go. Notice that these types of responses are external, voluntary and goal oriented. This is the main distinction between classical and operant conditioning. What is Cognitive Learning or Observational Learning? When behaviors are learned from watching others - from seeing them get reinforced or punished for their behavior, or even seeing them fear something - we call this observational learning. When behaviors are learned but not demonstrated, we call this latent learning. Latent learning refers to something that we know how to do but are not motivated to do it, so we are not showing that we know it. What is Latent Learning? Latent learning is often linked to cognitive learning. The very basic and traditional theory of operant conditioning does not take into account: 1.) that we can learn from observing others (observational learning) and 2.) that if we do not show our learning we may have learned it, nonetheless (latent learning). Latent learning refers to things we learned but are not demonstrating. Once we are motivated to do so, we may show that we did, in fact, learn something from an experience.