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SOCIOLOGY Jagoda MrzygłockaChojnacka PhD JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWD6g9CV_sc JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 2 LEVELS OF ANALYSIS: MICRO AND MACRO SOCIOLOGY JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 3 BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS: HUMAN NATURE nature versus nurture discussion Important questions: What makes us humans? How do we become humans? What is human nature? major question is whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by “nature” or “nurture.” JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 4 BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS: HUMAN NATURE NATURE Socio-biologists, psychologists and others in the natural sciences argue that behavior traits can be explained by genetics NURTURE Sociologists, anthropologists and others in the social sciences argue that human behavior is learned and shaped by interaction with other people. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 5 BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS: HUMAN NATURE the main important question of this discussion is a question about roles of genetics and socialization during the process becoming of human person. We don't know what the most important in this process, is but we know that we should not think of nature as opposing nurture. Since we express our human nature as we build culture. Nature and nurture are inseparable. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 6 THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS We can define the process of socialization as a way of learning and internalizing the values, believes, and norms of our social group. socialization process begins in childhood and lasts throughout the entitr adult life of every human being. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 7 THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS This process consists of two stages taking place at the same time. on the one hand, by this process individuals are taught how to become functioning members of society on the other hand, by this process individuals internalize values and norms of the group It works both on the individual as on the social level: we learn our society’s way of life and make it our own JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 8 TWO MAIN GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION It teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, in order to ensure that society itself will continue to exist It teaches individuals norms, values and culture and provides ways to ensure that members adhere to their shared way of life JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 9 MAIN QUESTIONS Who is being socialized? By whom? How? Where? When? JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 10 MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION Firstly, assume that people must learn to live in a community and they are not born with the ability to this. Secondly, assume that the process of becoming a member of society-a process of socialization- is always connected with the social environment in which people live. From this environment, people receive knowledge about norms, values, patterns of behavior. Them own self and identity are always related to the others, because people are a social beings. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 11 IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT THE ESSENCE OF SOCIALIZATION. People belong to different groups. These groups may have different culture (norms, values). In these groups process of socialization occurs. Because groups, communities and whole societies may differ from each other, they may provide different patterns of behavior to its members in the process of socialization That's why members of one society, one group often behave as we expected, and members of other societies, in particular the members of other cultures may behave in a way not understood by us and the way that we do not expect JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 12 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Agents of socialization are the social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place. The four major agents of socialization are: the family, school, peers and the mass media. Family is a single most significant agent of socialization and it teaches us the basic values and norms that shape our identity. Schools provide education and socialize us. We learn in schools not only scientific knowledge, but also some set of important social skills, like: punctuality, discipline, hard work, competition, and so on. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 13 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Peers provide very different social skills and can become more immediately significant than the family, especially as children move through teen-age. Mass- media have become an important agent of socialization, often overriding the family and other institutions. Mass media provide us with norms and values characteristic of mass culture, but not always important and necessary from the point of view of the process of socialization JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 14 INFLUENCE OF STATUS AND ROLES social location - place in the social space. we can identify them using concepts such as social status and social roles A status is a position in society that comes with a set of expectations. We can say that are two types of social status An ascribed status- we are born with it and it is unlikely to change. This type of social status can be described as social origin. An achieved status- we have earned through our individual effort and others agreed that the change of our social status may be prize for this effort. This type of social status can be defined as the social prestige. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 15 INFLUENCE OF STATUS AND ROLES Social role is a set of expectations for individuals associated with a particular social status. It is a set of rights and obligations under the occupation of some social position/location. Each role has its own commands, prohibitions. But it depends on individual how it fills this role. Each person in a modern society plays several roles. In some situations, these roles can enter into conflict with each other. This conflict is natural and it results from taking part inJAGODA various MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD groups and from needing to reconcile work and private life 16 ACTUAL SELF-DESCRIPTIONS RESPONSES TO ‘WHO AM I?’ when people in modern society ask themselves who am I they most often answers to themselves by using three important types of self-description: Role identities Personal qualities Self-evaluations These attributes are increasingly important to people, This is because people are members of more and more groups and it is hard to identify the ones that are important to them. Those which they feel to be bound by. It often happens that people today are members of a group, and tomorrow are not. They become members of new groups. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 17 PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION the easiest way to understand what the process of socialization is, is a refering it to yourself. we can say that we have two kinds of processes of socialization: first, when we learn the basic norms and values of our parents, peers, teachers, and so on. It is called primary socialization second, when we learn specific, particular norms and values of the groups of which members we become as adults. For example, at work, in new groups of friends, and so on. this process is called secondary socialization JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 18 WHAT IS CULTURE? The word culture is derived from the Latin word culture which means ‘care’ but also ‘civilization.’ DEFINITION “Culture refers to that complex whole which included knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Culture is socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through the language and living together as members of the society. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 19 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Culture is learned – It is gained through education, training and experience. Culture is socially transmitted through language - It is transmitted from one generation to another through the medium of language, verbal or non-verbal through the gestures or signs, orally or in writing. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 20 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Culture is a social product - many people interact with one another to develop culture. Culture is a product of social interaction through people’s communication with each other Culture is a source of gratification - It provides satisfaction to people's varied social and emotional needs. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 21 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE culture is an adaptative way of allowing people to mutual understanding and action culture is the distinctive way of life of a group of people culture is material and non-material – material culture, such as buildings and machines, are the products or outputs of the application of people's knowledge and skills, that are basically non-material. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 22 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Culture has sanctions and controls - these sanctions could be formal or informal. formal sanctions, for example, laws prohibiting certain actions informal sanctions and all the ways to ensure the cooperation of the people according to the rules of society. Group's aims are to become that all of members should adhere to common rules. When someone breaks them group can apply informal sanctions. They could be: process of excluding someone from communication process of stigmatization process of making fun of someone. process of excluding someone from the group JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 23 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE culture is stable yet dynamic - It is preserved and accumulated, highly stable and continuous. but culture is also changing, because people are changing, so norms and values are also changing culture grows and accumulates with a run of time culture is an established pattern of behavior - members of a certain society act in a similar way because they share mutual beliefs, customs and patterns JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 24 FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE Culture keeps the society organized. It reveals the concept of good and bad to the members of the society. It maintains unity among the society. Culture provides patterns for social interaction. Culture helps to perform religious rituals. Culture gives identity to a nation. Culture fulfils the basic needs of the society. Culture helps to create adjustment with geographical conditions. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 25 CULTURAL DIFFUSION We can also see that this results in uniform some elements of culture in different societies. We have today the symbols, which are identifiable around the world. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 26 CULTURAL DIFFUSION If individuals do adopt the cultural patterns of other societies and discarding their existing patterns it is called cultural diffusion. The major posture of the culture remains the same but a few norms and values are taken by people from other cultures. Due to effective means of communication the process of cultural diffusion is very fast. The process of cultural diffusion is neither positive nor negative for any society, it depends how much the individuals are ready to bring change in their on going cultural patterns. If the change is radical and antithesis to basic spirit of the culture then it is harmful. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 27 HOW IS CULTURE PASSED ON? Culture is learned through the process of socialization. This process starts from birth and family school and society play vital roles in this process Culture is learned by situational learning by trial and error: people in the process of socialization learn values and norms, that become part of their lives Culture is learned by social learning, by observation: People can observe the cultural patterns of the various cultures while living a life. Checking the cultural patterns on the own criteria of values can make people reject or adopt any pattern. JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD 28