Download SOCIOLOGY Jagoda Mrzygłocka

SOCIOLOGY
Jagoda MrzygłockaChojnacka PhD
JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWD6g9CV_sc
JAGODA MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD
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LEVELS OF ANALYSIS: MICRO AND MACRO
SOCIOLOGY
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BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS: HUMAN
NATURE
nature versus nurture discussion
Important questions:
What makes us humans?
How do we become humans?
What is human nature?
major question is whether human culture, behavior, and
personality are caused primarily by “nature” or “nurture.”
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BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS: HUMAN
NATURE
NATURE
Socio-biologists, psychologists and
others in the natural sciences argue
that behavior traits can be
explained by genetics
NURTURE
Sociologists, anthropologists and
others in the social sciences argue
that human behavior is learned
and shaped by interaction with
other people.
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BASIC SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS: HUMAN
NATURE
the main important question of this discussion is a question about roles of
genetics and socialization during the process becoming of human person.
We don't know what the most important in this process, is but we know that
we should not think of nature as opposing nurture.
Since we express our human nature as we build culture.
Nature and nurture are inseparable.
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THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS
We can define the process of socialization as a way of learning and
internalizing the values, believes, and norms of our social group.
socialization process begins in childhood and lasts throughout the entitr
adult life of every human being.
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THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS
This process consists of two stages taking place at the same time.
on the one hand, by this process individuals are taught how to become
functioning members of society
on the other hand, by this process individuals internalize values and norms
of the group
It works both on the individual as on the social level:
we learn our society’s way of life and make it our own
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TWO MAIN GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION
It teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to
defend themselves against danger, in order to ensure that society itself will
continue to exist
It teaches individuals norms, values and culture and provides ways to ensure
that members adhere to their shared way of life
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MAIN QUESTIONS
Who is being socialized?
By whom?
How?
Where?
When?
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MAIN ASSUMPTIONS OF THE PROCESS OF
SOCIALIZATION
Firstly, assume that people must learn to live in a community and
they are not born with the ability to this.
Secondly, assume that the process of becoming a member of
society-a process of socialization- is always connected with the
social environment in which people live.
From this environment, people receive knowledge about norms,
values, patterns of behavior. Them own self and identity are
always related to the others, because people are a social
beings.
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IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT THE ESSENCE
OF SOCIALIZATION.
People belong to different groups. These groups may have different culture
(norms, values). In these groups process of socialization occurs.
Because groups, communities and whole societies may differ from each
other, they may provide different patterns of behavior to its members in
the process of socialization
That's why members of one society, one group often behave as we
expected, and members of other societies, in particular the members of
other cultures may behave in a way not understood by us and the way that
we do not expect
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AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Agents of socialization are the social groups, institutions, and individuals that
provide structured situations in which socialization takes place.
The four major agents of socialization are: the family, school, peers and
the mass media.
Family is a single most significant agent of socialization and it teaches us
the basic values and norms that shape our identity.
Schools provide education and socialize us.
We learn in schools not only scientific knowledge, but also some set of
important social skills, like: punctuality, discipline, hard work, competition,
and so on.
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AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Peers provide very different social skills and can become more
immediately significant than the family, especially as children
move through teen-age.
Mass- media have become an important agent of
socialization, often overriding the family and other institutions.
Mass media provide us with norms and values characteristic of
mass culture, but not always important and necessary from the
point of view of the process of socialization
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INFLUENCE OF STATUS AND ROLES
social location - place in the social space.
we can identify them using concepts such as social status and social roles
A status is a position in society that comes with a set of expectations.
We can say that are two types of social status
An ascribed status- we are born with it and it is unlikely to change.
This type of social status can be described as social origin.
An achieved status- we have earned through our individual effort and
others agreed that the change of our social status may be prize for this
effort.
This type of social status can be defined as the social prestige.
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INFLUENCE OF STATUS AND ROLES
Social role is a set of expectations for individuals associated with a
particular social status.
It is a set of rights and obligations under the occupation of some
social position/location.
Each role has its own commands, prohibitions.
But it depends on individual how it fills this role.
Each person in a modern society plays several roles. In
some situations, these roles can enter into conflict with each other.
This conflict is natural and it results from taking part inJAGODA
various
MRZYGŁOCKA- CHOJNACKA PHD
groups and from needing to reconcile work and private life
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ACTUAL SELF-DESCRIPTIONS RESPONSES TO
‘WHO AM I?’
when people in modern society ask themselves who am I they most often
answers to themselves by using three important types of self-description:
Role identities
Personal qualities
Self-evaluations
These attributes are increasingly important to people,
This is because people are members of more and more groups and it is
hard to identify the ones that are important to them. Those which they
feel to be bound by.
It often happens that people today are members of a group, and
tomorrow are not. They become members of new groups.
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PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
the easiest way to understand what the process of socialization is, is a
refering it to yourself.
we can say that we have two kinds of processes of socialization:
first, when we learn the basic norms and values of our parents, peers,
teachers, and so on.
It is called primary socialization
second, when we learn specific, particular norms and values of the groups
of which members we become as adults. For example, at work, in new
groups of friends, and so on.
this process is called secondary socialization
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WHAT IS CULTURE?
The word culture is derived from the Latin word culture which means ‘care’
but also ‘civilization.’
DEFINITION
“Culture refers to that complex whole which included knowledge, beliefs,
art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society.”
Culture is socially transmitted by man from one generation to another
through the language and living together as members of the society.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture is learned – It is gained through education, training and
experience.
Culture is socially transmitted through language - It is transmitted from
one generation to another through the medium of language, verbal or
non-verbal through the gestures or signs, orally or in writing.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture is a social product - many people interact with one another to
develop culture.
Culture is a product of social interaction through people’s
communication with each other
Culture is a source of gratification - It provides satisfaction to people's
varied social and emotional needs.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
culture is an adaptative way of allowing people to mutual
understanding and action
culture is the distinctive way of life of a group of people
culture is material and non-material – material culture, such as
buildings and machines, are the products or outputs of the application
of people's knowledge and skills, that are basically non-material.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture has sanctions and controls - these sanctions could be formal or informal.
formal sanctions, for example, laws prohibiting certain actions
informal sanctions and all the ways to ensure the cooperation of the people
according to the rules of society.
Group's aims are to become that all of members should adhere to common rules.
When someone breaks them group can apply informal sanctions.
They could be:
process of excluding someone from communication
process of stigmatization
process of making fun of someone.
process of excluding someone from the group
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
culture is stable yet dynamic - It is preserved and accumulated, highly
stable and continuous.
but culture is also changing, because people are changing, so norms and
values are also changing
culture grows and accumulates with a run of time
culture is an established pattern of behavior - members of a certain
society act in a similar way because they share mutual beliefs, customs and
patterns
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FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
Culture keeps the society organized.
It reveals the concept of good and bad to the members of the society.
It maintains unity among the society.
Culture provides patterns for social interaction.
Culture helps to perform religious rituals.
Culture gives identity to a nation.
Culture fulfils the basic needs of the society.
Culture helps to create adjustment with geographical conditions.
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CULTURAL DIFFUSION
We can also see that this results in uniform some elements of culture in different
societies.
We have today the symbols, which are identifiable around the world.
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CULTURAL DIFFUSION
If individuals do adopt the cultural patterns of other societies and
discarding their existing patterns it is called cultural diffusion. The
major posture of the culture remains the same but a few norms and
values are taken by people from other cultures. Due to effective
means of communication the process of cultural diffusion is very fast.
The process of cultural diffusion is neither positive nor negative for any
society, it depends how much the individuals are ready to bring
change in their on going cultural patterns. If the change is radical and
antithesis to basic spirit of the culture then it is harmful.
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HOW IS CULTURE PASSED ON?
Culture is learned through the process of socialization. This process starts
from birth and family school and society play vital roles in this process
Culture is learned by situational learning by trial and error:
people in the process of socialization learn values and norms, that
become part of their lives
Culture is learned by social learning, by observation:
People can observe the cultural patterns of the various cultures while
living a life.
Checking the cultural patterns on the own criteria of values can make
people reject or adopt any pattern.
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