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STUDY GUIDE Materials exchange in the body: Types of tissues, Urinary, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive Systems
Recommendations to follow:
1.
Answers are thought to be short in most of the cases
2.
Try as much as you can to connect the terms and understand the association between some of the concepts in order
to get the whole picture about the topic. Memorizing alone can give you probably around a 70/100 in the exam, but
some questions always require to connect two or more ideas to come up with a short and precise answer.
3.
If you understand these review questions you should do fine in the test, questions in the test will variations of the
same themes covered in these questions.
Ch21_Tissues and Organ systems
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Define what homeostasis is and how that relates to animals and all other living things
Differentiate between tissues, organs and organ systems
Explain the four general types of tissues present in animals and give examples for each one
List the main organ systems in the body, their role in the body, and the main organs responsible for their
functioning
Materials exchange in the body:
Urinary or Excretory system
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What is the function of the excretory system?
What is its general design?
What is its product?
What two mechanisms of cellular transport are involved in producing the urine? Review and understand
them
Describe the general design of a excretory system, explain the four key steps in the process of urine
production: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, filtration
In what part of the urinary system does each happen?
What is the main excretory organ present in mammals? What are the units of filtration and reabsorption
called?
Using a diagram, identify the right sequence of organs or path followed by the urine in the mammalian
excretory system
In which organ is the urine stored?
a) Describe the nervous and hormonal controls involved in the regulation of the kidney.
b) What is the name of the hormone mainly involved in controlling urine concentration?
c) Where is this hormone produced?
Respiratory system
15. a) What is the general design of all respiratory systems (the two main ones being gills and lungs)
b) Explain what the purpose of respiration is
16. How does gas exchange happens in both ends of the circuit (lungs and cells of the body that need oxygen
and need to get rid of carbon dioxide)? In other words, what type of mechanism allows for this to happen?
17. List in the proper order the path followed by the air from the nose to the part of the lungs where gas
exchange takes place with the circulatory system
18. What part of the lungs is responsible for exchanging gases with the blood? What is maximized when we
look at the design the alveoli have?
19. Briefly, explain what parts of the body are involved in causing the rhythmic breathing mechanism
Instructor: Jose Bava, PhD
STUDY GUIDE Materials exchange in the body: Types of tissues, Urinary, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive Systems
20. Briefly, explain what controls the automatic breathing mechanism and where are these control centers
located in the body
21. Briefly, explain why we breathe faster when exercising, what happens?
22. How are the O2 and CO2transported in the blood?
23. Why is blood so efficient in transporting oxygen? explain
Ch22_ Circulatory system
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What is the main function of the circulatory system?
State the main components (3) of the circulatory system and their function
Explain the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries
Explain the function of valves in the heart. Does the filling of different heart chambers require energy to
happen?
Name the different chambers of the heart and state the anatomical differences between both ventricles
Understand the circulation of blood in the body, what is the path of the blood as it flows in the body
What determines the heart’s rhythmic beat? Where is this structure located in the heart?
Review the general way the heart works, understand that both a difference of blood pressure and electrical
impulses are the two factors that allow the heart to fulfill its function.
State the main differences in the design between arteries and veins and why that is needed
a) What are the two main components of the blood? What percent of each one is present in the blood?
b) What types of cells are present in the blood?
c) What is he function of each type?
d) Which one have a nucleus, which ones do not?
e) Which one is the most numerous type?
Ch23_ Digestive system
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What is the function of the digestive system?
Describe in the proper order the path followed from the food from the mouth to the anus!
List and explain the FOUR (4) main stages of food processing and the main organs where each stage occurs
Digestion, or breaking down the food, actually begins in the mouth with a mechanical work: chewing. The
oral cavity has two but one functions: ingestion and digestion. Explain how the saliva helps the oral cavity
to do its work
a) What is the approximate pH of the stomach? What is released by the stomach cells in order to change the
pH in this way?
b) Explain why the cells of the stomach are not affected by such acid environment.
c) What is the name of the enzyme produced by the stomach cells?
State the role of the gall bladder, the pancreas, and the three functions of the liver. What part of the
digestive system are these organs connected to?
Describe and understand three (3) ways in which the digestive system increases its ability to absorb
nutrients
What is the main function of the large intestine?
What other process happens in the large intestine apart of the one mentioned in the previous question?
What organs mentioned above are accessory parts of the digestive system, meaning they are not actually
parts of the path followed by the food when we eat but participate anyway in the digestion process?
Instructor: Jose Bava, PhD