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Ch 1 Sec 2 reg The Neolithic Revolution Agriculture is the huge change during this time period & domestication of animals is a result Growing Crops Southwest Asia- wheat, barley, pigs, cows, goats, sheep—this spread to Southeast Europe by 4000bc Egypt- wheat, barley—this spreads to the rest of Africa Central Africa- yams and tree crops like bananas Southeast Asia- rice in 5000bc Mexico- beans, squash, maize 7000-5000bc Neolithic Farming Villages Jericho- in Palestine around 8000bc Catal Huyuk- 32 acres of enclosed walls, located in Turkey, probably around 6000 people, walked on roofs to get into their houses, had artisans that made weapons & jewelry, had a special building for Gods & Goddesses Consequences of Revolution Longevity, organization of community, trade, specialization, division of labor, woven cloth, roles of men and women were defined—men work and women stay home End of Neolithic Age Metal improved the lives of these people—you can mold metal, copper firstthen bronzethen iron Characteristics of a Civilization Cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, & art Growth of Government Organize to regulate human activity, started with kings who had armies to defend the cities and enforce the laws Religion Used to explain nature, tried to please gods with rituals usually done by priests, rulers said they had divine approval New Social Structure Top- rulers, priests, government officials, warriors Middle-farmers, artisans, craftspeople Bottom- slaves Upper class people wanted luxury items so trade between cities began to emerge & this began the transfer of ideas from region to region Writing Rulers, priests, merchants, artisans used writing to keep records but then people began to use it for creative writing Art Used in pyramids, painting, sculptures Chapter2 section 1 regular Impact of Geography Farming in Mesopotamia only done when irrigation controlled river, Sumerians are the creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization City-State of Ancient Mesopotamia Early city states Eridu, Ur, Uruk Sumerian cities They built their buildings with mud bricks Gods, Goddesses, & Rulers Biggest building in the city was the one dedicated to the chief god/goddess, temples controlled the cities economically / physically / politically, priest &priestess had great power but eventually kings emerged to lead armies / building works /organize irrigation projects Economy & Society Was built on farming which lead to trade & industry and they were well known for their metal work, three major social groups- nobles / commoners/slaves, nobles- royal / priestly / govt official families commoners- farmers / merchants/fishers/crafts 90% were farmers slaves- used for building/weaving cloth/grinding grain/farming land Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia Around 2340bc Sargon leader of the Akkadians set up first empire in region and it lasted until 2100bc, 1792 Hammurabi took control from Babylon The Code of Hammurabi Punishment was cruel and harsher on the lower class, “An eye for an Eye, a tooth for a tooth”, officials were held accountable for the people their regionlosing their job or being fined if they didn’t do their job, marriage was arranged, men controlled society and women has less rights Importance of Religion Had 3000 gods, believed humans were on earth to do manual labor for the gods Creativity of the Sumerians They have the oldest form of writing cuneiform Writing & Literature Wealthy upper class boys became scribes and then leaders, Epic of Gilgamesh was written during this time Sumerian Technology Wagon wheel, sundial, arch, bronze, metalwork, math, astronomy Chapter 2 section 2 reg Impact of geography Nile is the longest river in the world, yearly flooding left rich fertile soil, Egypt was stable due to natural defenses Importance of religion Gods were associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces, dead people were placed in tombs to be reborn like the god Osiris Course of Egyptian History Divide into Old Kingdom-Middle Kingdom-New kingdom, history begins in 3100bc when Menes unites upper and lower Egypt Old Kingdom (2700-2200bc) Rulers got the name pharaoh and were given absolute power, eventually Egypt was 42 provinces led by governors that were responsible to the Pharaoh Pyramids Built as a monuments for dead Pharaohs, has a lot goods to help them travel through the afterlife, mummification is used to slow the rotting process Middle Kingdom (2050-1652bc) Expansion and stability led to this period being referred to as the ‘Golden Age’, trade opened, Pharaoh no longer seen as a god but as a Sheppard for the people to improve their public welfare, Egypt was overtaken by the Hyksos for a short period of time New Kingdom (1567-1085) Became a military power due to the chariot they adopted from the Hyksos, Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh, Amenhotep introduces monotheism with Aton/Amon/Amon-re as his chief god, polytheism is restored after Amenhotep’s death because the priests did not want monotheism Society in Ancient Egypt Upper class- pharaoh, nobles, priest Middle class- merchants, artisans, scribes, tax collectors Lower class- peasants, slaves Daily Life Married young 12 and 14, men were masters but women had rights Writing & Education In 3000bc hieroglyphics emerged, upper class males were the only people that were allowed to be educated (scribes) Art & Science Developed accurate 365 day calendar, doctors used splints/ bandages/ herbal medicine Chapter 2 section 3 The role of nomadic peoples People in settled communities saw nomads as hostile/ barbaric/ uncivilized, nomads would trade animals for grains/ vegetables, nomads helped create trade routes The Phoenicians Emerged as a power when Egypt & Hittites declined, were big in the trade market purple dye/ glass/ lumber, improved their ships to increase trade, they were able to trade in the Mediterranean/ Britain/ Africa, they setup a colony in Carthage, created an alphabet with 22 letters that went to the GreeksRomans America The Children of Israel They were a minor part of politics but Judaism flourished & influenced Christianity & Islam The United Kingdom Under King Solomon the Israelites rose to their highest power The Divided Kingdom Tension between the northern & southern tribes led to two separate kingdoms Kingdom of Israel (KOI) and Kingdom of Judah (KOJ), in 722 the Assyrians took over KOI and sent people over their empire, KOJ lost power to the Chaldeans and then the Persians who allowed them to return to the ruined Jerusalem, This movement changed God’s role to creator of the world not just one land Spiritual dimensions of Israel One god who created all, nature was created by the one true god, believed prophets were on earth to be god’s voice, prophets condemned luxury as a vice for the rich to control the poor, does not leave god’s will in the hands of the priest Chapter 2 section 4 The Assyrian Empire Started in 700bc, internal strife and resentment of Assyrian rule was their downfall, fell to the Chaldeans, had efficient communication by using horses, a note could be sent and receive a reply within a week anywhere in the empire, Ashurbanipal built one of the world’s first library at Nineveh, they were very ruthless they would destroy lands they conquered as well as mutilate the people The Persian Empire Cyrus united the many groups in the area to start the empire, allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem, they respected conquered people which allowed them to control conquered areas better, the Persian Empire expanded to become the largest empire in the world Structure of the Persian Empire Divided into 20 provinces (satrapies) each of these having a governor (satrap), the satrap was in charge of collecting taxes- keeping justice- maintaining security- and recruiting soldiers, roads allowed for communication to be effective like the Assyrians, they built an empire on their army of professional soldiers, the immortals were the main part of the army 20000 people and they never went below this number The fall of the Persian Empire Kings got more isolated and greedy this weakened the monarchy, Artaxerxes had 115 sons who mostly wanted power and killed each other for power, Alexander the Great took over in 331bc Persian Religion Zoroastrianism Zoroaster was the founder and he taught good vs evil Chapter 3 section 1 part 1 Land of India Very diverse today about 110 languages are spoken in India, farmers have depended on monsoon rain to water the crops, if rain comes too early/too late or too much/ too little crops are destroyed India’s first civilization There were thousands of small independent settlements in the Indus River valley Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Harappa had 35000 people and Mohenjo-Daro had 35000-40000 people, Both used mud bricks for construction, the cities and houses were built very similar in these two cities, both cities had public wells for water—drains for wastewater from bathrooms—chutes for trash to go to the streets Rulers & Economy Believed in divine assistance like Egypt and Mesopotamia, Royal palace and holy temple were combined in one building, economy was based on farming, traded a lot with Mesopotamia: copper/ lumber/ precious stones/ cotton/ luxury goods for food/ textiles Aryans Controlled most of early India and were nomads known as Indo-Europeans Way of life Strong warriors, cleared jungles around Ganges and made farms with iron tools, developed writing in 1000bcSanskrit, early Indian life was a bunch of warring kingdoms India’s Social Structure Caste System- set of rigid social categories that determine occupation/ economic potential/ position in society, 4 major social classes (varnas), top 2 Brahmans (priest) Kshatriyas (warriors) bottom 2 Varisyas (commoners) Sudras (peasants), Kshatriyas eventually had to find new employment and this allowed other people to join their varna, Varisyas most people in this varna were merchants and farmers, Sudras were the bulk of the population and did manual labor/ had limited rights, bottom of society not even considered a part of the varna system Untouchables, they were about 5% of the population and did the degrading tasks like collecting trash/ handling the dead, they were not considered humans and were considered harmful- no Indian would touch them or eat food that they touched Chapter 3 section 1 part 2 Family in Ancient India The ideal household would have three generations under one roof grandparent/ parent/ child, men were in control and were the ones that could inherit property unless there was no son, women could not be priest & usually were not educated, upper class men did not marry before they completed 12 years of school, Ritual of Suttee—women were expected to jump into the fire of their burning dead husband Hinduism Believed in one god Brahman and you were supposed to seek ultimate reality, reincarnation is idea that the soul is reborn in a different life form after death, Karma determines your form in the next life, Dharma also determines your form in the next life but is expected more from the Brahmans Buddhism Rival of Hinduism, Siddhartha Gautma is the founder, he found enlightenment the true meaning of life and began teaching it to others, denied the material world and once you can do this you get bodhi(wisdom), they believe in reincarnation but reject the caste system, do not believe in worshipping gods