Download Second Semester Final Exam Study guide

SECOND SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE
All the information below can be found in your notes or textbook. Remember this is only a guide. There will
be questions on the exam that are not mentioned on this handout. Not all of the ideas mentioned on this guide
will be on the test.
Evolution: Sections 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 11.5, 11.6, 12.2 (pg 362), 12.3, 12.4 (pg 373)
A. Definitions
1. Species
9. Radiometric dating
17. Extinction
2. Acquired
10. Homologous
18. Adaptive radiation
Inheritance
structures
19. Punctuated equilibrium
3. Natural selection
11. Analogous structures
20. Speciation
4. Variation
12. Biogeography
21. Types of Isolation
5. Adaptation
13. Vestigial structures
22. Gene flow
6. Fitness
14. Divergent evolution
23. Nebula
7. Fossil record
15. Convergent evolution
24. Endosymbiosis
8. Superposition
16. Coevolution
B. Be able to explain the process of how natural selection works…not just its definition.
a. What are the four factors?
b. Explain how resistant organisms supports natural selection
C. Be able to explain how the following topics support the theory of evolution
1. Fossils
a. Be able to explain how radiometric dating provides the age of fossils.
2. Homologous structures
3. Vestigial structures
4. Biochemistry
5. Embryological development
6. Missing Links
D. How does convergent and divergent evolution differ?
E. How is gene flow reduced/stopped by the various types of isolation?
F. Be able to explain the nebula hypothesis.
G. Be able to explain the conditions on early Earth.
H. What was the importance of Miller & Urey’s famous experiment?
Ecology: Sections, 13.1-13.6 (omit pages 398-400), 14.1, 14.2, 14.5, 16.1-16.5
A. Definitions:
1. Ecology
2. Population
3. Community
4. Ecosystem
5. Biome
6. Biosphere
7. Biotic factors
8. Abiotic factors
9. Keystone species
10. Producer
11. Consumer
12. Autotrophs
13. Chemotrophs
14. Heterotrophs
15. Trophic level
16. Detritivore
17. Decomposer
18. Omnivore
19. Carnivore
20. Specialist
21. Generalist
22. Nitrogen fixation
23. Habitat
24. Niche
25. Competitive exclusion
principle
26. Competition
27. Predation
28. Symbiosis
29. Succession
30. Pioneer species
31. Climax community
32. Carrying capacity
33. Ecological footprint
34. Indicator species
35. Biomagnification
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
How are the levels of ecology organized within the biosphere?
Know how to read a food web and food chain. Examine your textbook for diagrams.
Be able to identify the different trophic levels within an ecosystem.
Be able to identify stages/steps/examples of the various biogeochemical cycles discussed in 13.5
Be able to identify the different types of symbiosis.
From the beginning, be able to describe the stages of primary succession.
From the beginning, be able to describe the stages of secondary succession.
Be able to explain the causes, effects, and solutions to:
1. Global warming
4. Acid rain
2. Ozone layer depletion
5. Biomagnification
3. Smog/ozone
6. Exotic species introduction
Physiology: Ch 28 (sections 1-3), Ch 29 (sections 1-3, 6), Ch 30 (section 5), Ch 31
(sections 1, 2, 4), Ch 34 (sections 1-3)
A. Definitions:
1. Determination
12. Synapse
23. Puberty
2. Differentiation
13. Neurotransmitters
24. Fertilization
3. Tissues
14. Glands
25. Menstruation
4. Organs
15. Hormones
26. Ovulation
5. Organ systems
16. Platelets
27. Menopause
6. Homeostasis
17. Plasma
28. Zygote
7. Feedback
18. Pathogens
29. Blastocyst
8. Thermoregulation
19. Phagocyte
30. Endometrium
9. Neurons
20. Antibodies
31. Placenta
10. Dendrites
21. Antigens
11. Axon
22. Vaccination
B. How does a disruption of homeostasis lead to diabetes?
C. What are stem cells? What is their importance to medical research?
D. Know the levels of cellular organization within the body.
E. Know the different types of tissue within the body.
F. Know the four basic components of the human Control System.
G. How does positive and negative feedback differ?
H. Nervous System
a. What is the function of the nervous system?
b. Know the types & parts of a neuron.
c. What happened during an action potential?
d. Know the parts of the eye if given a description and/or diagram.
e. How is an action potential created in the eyes, ears, mouth, and nose?
f. Know the different types of receptors.
I. Endocrine System
a. What is the function of the endocrine system?
b. How do steroid and nonsteroid hormones differ?
c. Be able to identify the various glands of the endocrine system and explain what they do.
J. Blood
a. Know the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
b. Know the characteristics of blood groups A, B, AB, and O.
c. Know the characteristics of Rh factors.
d. Be able to identify if blood transfusions will be successful if given a patient and a donor.
K. Immune System
a. What is the function of the immune system?
b. What roles do the following play?
i. The skin
iii. White blood cells
ii. Mucus membranes
iv. Defense proteins
L. Reproduction
a. Be able to identify parts of the male reproductive system and describe their functions.
b. Be able to identify parts of the female reproductive system and describe their functions.
c. Understand the roles of hormones in sexual maturity.
d. Be able to explain the pathway that sperms travels as it exits the penis.
e. Be able to explain the pathway that an egg travels during the menstrual cycle.
f. Be able to describe the three stages of the menstrual cycle.
g. Be able to describe the events of the three trimesters of pregnancy.
h. Summarize sexually transmitted diseases and know what types of contraception can reduce
risks of transmission.
Taxonomy: Sections 17.1, 17.2, 18.2, 18.4, 19.1, 19.5
A. Classification
a. Vocabulary
i. Taxonomy
v. Cladistics
ii. Taxon
vi. Cladogram
iii. Binomial nomenclature
vii. Derived characters
iv. Phylogeny
b. Be able to interpret information from a cladogram (phylogenetic tree) like the one below.
1) What does a
pigeon & lizard
have in common?
2) What are 4
characteristics of
a chimp?
c. What are the seven levels of classification and how to interpret relationships from these
levels?
B. Viruses
a. Vocabulary
i. Bacteriophages
ii. Prophage
b. Why do some people consider viruses alive? Why do some not consider them alive?
c. How does the lytic and lysogenic cycle differ? What role does of reverse transcriptase play?
d. Be able to explain what happens during the five stages of the lytic and lysogenic cycles.
C. Bacteria
a. Vocabulary
i. Obligate anaerobe
iv. Plasmid
ii. Facultative aerobe
v. Conjugation
iii. Obligate aerobe
vi. Binary fission
b. Be able to describe common bacteria characteristics: respiration, reproduction, feeding
c. Which cell parts (organelles) do bacteria cells have? What is the function of these parts?
d. Be able to label diagrams of bacteria cells similar to page 557.
e. Know how Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ.
D. Protista
a. Know the subcategories of protists and characteristics and examples of each.
b. Know why protists are difficult to classify.
E. Fungi
a. Vocabulary
i. Hyphae
iv. Mychorrhizae
ii. Mycelium
v. Sporangia
iii. Fruiting body
b. Know the anatomy of fungi.
c. Know the subcategories of fungi and characteristics and examples of each.
d. Be able to describe common fungi characteristics: reproduction, feeding
e. Know the life cycles of club fungi and bread molds.