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Name: _________________________________________ Period: _____ Final Exam Study Guide • Ecological Interactions—Chapter 9 1. Define the characteristics of a habitat and a niche Habitat: where a population lives in an ecosystem Niche: the role a population plays in its community 2. List the four roles of a niche a. Type of food an organism eats b. How it obtains its food c. When and how the organism reproduces d. Physical conditions required to survive 3. What happens if two organisms are competing for the same niche? Competition 4. How do some organisms survive in an ecosystem where there is competition? Adaptations 5. Describe the interaction between a kingfisher bird and a fish. Use your vocabulary words to describe their relationship within the ecosystem, which part of the ecosystem they fit in (abiotic/biotic), and where they get energy. The kingfisher bird is a predator that eats/gets energy from the fish, their prey. They are both biotic factors in an ecosystem 6. What type of organism forms the base of most food webs? Producers 7. The chain. diagram below shows a meadow food Which organism would be classified as a tertiary consumer? Snake 8. _____B_____ Commensalism 9. ____A______ Mutualism 10. ____C______ Parasitism a. relationship that is positive for both organisms b. relationship that is positive for one organism and has no effect on the other c. relationship that is positive for the parasite and negative for the host 11. Compare and contrast predation and symbiosis. What is predation? What is symbiosis? How are they alike? How are they different? One organism benefits in both symbiosis and predation. Predation is when one organism hunts and kills for food. Symbiosis is where two organisms live in close association with each other. 12. Use the food web on page 543 in your book. Place an X in the chart under the term that describes each living thing in the food web. More than one term may be used to describe each organism. Organism Algae Grouper Nematode Sea turtle Parrot fish Reef shark Producer x Consumer x x x x x Parasite Host Predator Prey x x x x x x x x Use the graph below to answer the following questions. 13. The graph below shows the pH tolerance level for different organisms in a freshwater ecosystem. What would most likely happen if the pH of the pond water dropped from 5.5 to 3.5? 14. Following a short-term environmental change, which traits are most likely to be passed onto the next generation? The traits of the organisms that survived the short-term change will most likely be passed onto the next generation The graph below shows how the population sizes of lynx and snowshoe hares changed over time. Use the graph to answer questions 16–19. 15. When the hare population increased, what happened to the lynx population? Why? ? The lynx population also increased. There were more prey, so the increased limiting factor (food) allowed more predators. 16. How do you think an increase in the lynx population affected the hare population? Why? The increased predator population caused the hare (prey) population to decrease to do overhunting. 17. What other factors could have caused a decrease in the hare population? Overpopulation could mean that there wasn’t enough food for them to eat 18. Predict what happened to the two populations between 1935 and 1945. The hare population will increase, followed by the lynx population. In 1997, a community decided to get rid of the population of rattlesnakes in the area. The graph below shows what happened to the populations of rattlesnakes, birds, and rodents. (The rodents included animals such as mice, rats, and prairie dogs.) Use the graph to answer questions 20–23. 19. Did the bird populations appear to benefit from the elimination of the rattlesnakes? How do you know? No. The number of birds continued to decrease after the snakes were removed. 20. Did the rodent populations appear to benefit from the elimination of the rattlesnakes? How do you know? The rodents did benefit from the elimination of snakes. The rodent population increased after the snakes were removed. 21. What was the main source of food for the rattlesnakes? How can you tell? Rodents. When the snakes (predators) were eliminated, the rodent population (prey) increased. 22. Why do you think the bird populations decreased sharply after the rattlesnakes were eliminated? There were more rodents to eat the bird’s eggs. 23. Identify the following organisms from the marine food web: 1. Producers- Phytoplankton 2. Herbivores- Zooplankton, Cod, Krill 3. Omnivores- Cod, Krill 4. Carnivores- Krill, Cod, Squid, Leopard Seal, Pneguin, Killer Whale, Elephant Seal 5. Which organisms are in competition? - Squid, Cod, and Krill Elephant Seal, Leopard Seal, and Killer Whale 24. Draw a diagram with arrows showing where the energy comes from, ending with the decomposers: (example: Sun è Producers èDecomposers) 25. Which organism transfers the most energy to the next level? Producers Seasons, Moon Phases, and Tides—Chapter 27. __B__ Axis a. The movement of one object around another object 28. __D__ Rotation b. The imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and the North and South poles 29. __A__ Revolution c. The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space 30. __C__ Orbit d. The spinning motion of a planet around its axis 31. Describe the revolution and rotation period of the moon (how long does it take for both). It takes 29.5 days for the moon to revolve around the sun and since it rotates at the same speed of revolution then it also takes 29.5 days to rotate. 32. Explain why only one side of the moon visible from Earth? The speed of the rotation of the moon matches the speed of its revolution causing us to see the same side of the moon. 33. Explain why we are able to see the moon from Earth? The moon reflects sunlight 34. Explain why we see the different phase of the moon? As the moon revolves around the earth, we see different portions of the sunlight side. 35. What causes day and night? The Earth’s rotation on its axis 36. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s seasons. a. Earth is closest to the sun when it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere. b. The hemisphere that is tilted away from the sun has more daylight than the other hemisphere. c. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere. d. In December, the sun’s rays in the Northern Hemisphere are indirect. 37. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true when the Northern Hemisphere has summer. a. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. b. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. c. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. d. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. 38. In the diagram above, what season is it in North America? Winter 39. What season is it in South Africa? Summer 40. Would a person at each of the points A, B, and C see the sun? If so, where would the sun be in the sky? A- Yes (highest in the sky, noon) B- Yes (on the horizon, sunset) C- No (midnight) 41. How long would the night be at the North Pole? How do you know? 24 hours because it is winter 42. What is a person standing at point B seeing, sunrise or sunset? Explain. Sunset because the earth rotates counterclockwise. 43. Complete the table Earth’s Seasons Day in Northern Hemisphere Approximate Date Each Year (N.H.) Length of Daytime Which Hemisphere is Tilted Toward the Sun Summer solstice Autumnal equinox Winter solstice Vernal equinox June 21 st September 21 st December 21 st March 21 Long day/short nights Equal day/night Short day/long night Equal day/night Northern Equator Southern Equator st 44. What causes the phases of the moon, eclipses, and tides? As the moon revolves around the earth, we see different portions of the sunlight side causing moon phases. At certain times of the year, the sun, moon, and Earth align in the same plane during a new or full moon causing an eclipse. Tides also follow the moon in its orbit around the earth causing a change in high and low tides depending on position and the pull of gravity. 45. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about motions of the moon. a. The moon revolves around the Earth once a year. b. The “near side” of the moon always faces Earth. c. The moon rotates slowly on its axis once every 29.5 days. d. The moon’s orbit around Earth is an oval shape. 46. How long does the moon stay in each phase? How often does the moon go through a whole set of phases? 29.5 days / 8 moon phases = 3.8 days per moon phase. 47. What does the phase of the moon you see depend on? The position of the moon in relation to the sun and Earth (how much of the sunlight side you see) 48. Using the diagram above, what phases of the moon would someone on Earth see when the moon is at positions A - F? a. New Moon d. Full Moon b. Waxing Crescent e. Waning Gibbous c. f. First Quarter Third (last) Quarter 49. In what position must the moon be to cause a solar eclipse? Explain your answer. A solar eclipse is when the sunlight is blocked from getting to Earth so the moon has to be in a new moon position (between the earth and sun) in order to block the light. 50. What are the two types of eclipses? a. Solar eclipse b. Lunar eclipse 51. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about solar eclipses. a. People in the umbra see only a partial solar eclipse. b. During a partial solar eclipse, part of the sun remains visible. c. During a total solar eclipse, the sky is dark. d. People in the penumbra see a total solar eclipse. 52. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about lunar eclipses. a. People in Earth’s umbra see a total lunar eclipse. b. A lunar eclipse occurs at a full moon. c. During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon. d. A partial lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes partly into the umbra of Earth’s shadow. 53. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about tides a. The point on Earth that is closest to the moon has a high tide. b. Every location on Earth has two high tides per month. c. A low tide occurs at the point on Earth farthest from the moon. d. The water left behind at the point on Earth farthest from the moon has a high tide. 54. Label the pictures below as Spring or Neap Tide Spring Tide Neap Tide Astronomy—Chapter 55. What is the universe? Space and all of the energy and matter in it 56. What is a light year? The distance that light travels through space in one year 57. What is an astronomical unit? The average distance between Earth and the sun- used to measure distances within the solar system Match the following 60. __A__ Astronomical unit a. Measures distance within our solar system 61. __C__ Parallax b. Measures distances between galaxies 62. __B__ Light year c. Measures distances between nearby stars 63. What are the three main characteristics used to classify stars? a. Size b. Temperature c. Brightness 64. Stars that are much larger than the sun are called Giants/Super Giants 65. Circle the letter of what is revealed by the red color of the supergiant star called Betelgeuse. a. It is an extremely hot star. b. It is in a constellation. c. It is far away. d. It is a relatively cool star. 66. The amount of light a star gives off is called its Absolute Magnitude 67. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows the relationship between which two variables? a. x-axis: Temperature b. y-axis: Brightness 68. An area on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram that runs from the upper left to the lower right and includes more than 90 percent of all stars is called the Main Sequence 69. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true based on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. a. The sun is a main-sequence star. b. White dwarfs are brighter than supergiants. c. Rigel is hotter than Betelgeuse. d. Polaris is brighter than the sun. 70. The name of our galaxy is: Milkyway 71. Which type of galaxy do we live in? Spiral 72. Describe each type of galaxy: a. Spiral galaxy arms that spiral outward (youngest galaxy) b. Elliptical galaxy round (oldest galaxy) c. Irregular galaxy irregular shape 74. Describe each type of nebulae—include if it is pre or post stellar a. Emission nebula- Pre stellar- gives off its own light b. Reflection nebula- Pre stellar- reflects light from stars c. Dark nebula- Pre stellar- blocks out light d. Planetary nebula- Post stellar- the outter layers of a giant star e. Supernova nebula- Post stellar- pieces of stars left over after an explosion of a supergiant 75. Finish the life cycle of a star low mass Main sequence è Giant è White dwarf / planetary nebula Nebula è protostar è high mass Black Hole Main sequence è Supergiant è Supernova Neutron Star 76. The diagram below represents spectral data from three different galaxies. What do the shifts in the spectral lines of distant and very distant galaxies indicate about the galaxies? Red shift indicates that the galaxies are moving further away and the further away they are, the faster they move. 77. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about electromagnetic waves. a. Different electromagnetic waves have different frequencies. b. All electromagnetic waves have the same wavelength. c. Different electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths. d. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed. Science 8- Astronomy 78. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about electromagnetic waves. a. As the wavelength of electromagnetic waves decreases, the frequency increases. b. Waves with the longest wavelengths have the lowest frequencies. c. As the frequency of electromagnetic waves decreases, the wavelength increases. d. Waves with the shortest wavelengths have the lowest frequencies. a. b. c. d. f. e. g. 79. Use page 308 and 309, in your book, to help you label the electromagnetic spectrum above. Write the names of the different waves that make up the spectrum from longest to shortest. a. Radio b. Microwave c. Infrared d. Visible light e. Ultraviolet f. X-rays g. Gamma rays 80. Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of visible light are called Ultraviolet 81. Electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than ultraviolet rays but lower than gamma rays are X-ray 82. The electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and the highest frequencies are called Gamma rays Force and Motion—Chapter 83. What is the net force? 7N Left 84. Is there motion or no motion? Motion 85. Is the force balanced or unbalanced? Unbalanced 5N 17 N 5N Science 8- Astronomy 86. What is the net force? 17N right 87. Is there motion or no motion? Motion 88. Is the force balanced or unbalanced? Unbalanced 3N 7N 7N 89. What is the net force? 0N 90. Is there motion or no motion? No motion 25N 91. Is the force balanced or unbalanced? 25N Balanced 92. Which object has an unbalanced force acting on it? a. A person riding a bicycle at 10 mi/hr b. A person accelerating down the track at 2.5 m/s c. An boat sailing at 40.8 mi/hr d. A soccer ball rolling at 1.5 m/s 93. Alex rode his bicycle 60 kilometers in 4 hours. How fast was he going? 𝟔𝟎 ÷ 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫 94. Matt says he is faster than Alex. He rode 93 kilometers in 6 hours. What is Matt’s speed, and who is faster? 𝟗𝟑 ÷ 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓 𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫 95. What is the average speed of a car that travels 90 km in 2 hours, 50 km in 1.5 hour, and 200 km in 3 hours 𝟗𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝐤𝐦 𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟓 + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟓 hours 𝟑𝟒𝟎 ÷ 𝟔. 𝟓 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫 96. What is the difference between speed and velocity? Speed is the distance traveled over time and Velocity is speed with direction 97. How do you determine speed using a graph? You need to find the slope of the line 98. On a speed graph, what is your x-axis & y-axis? X-axis time Y-axis distance Science 8- Astronomy Calculate each segment’s speed for the graph below 100. A-B 10 m/s 101. B-C 0 m/s 102. C-D 20 m/s 103. D-E 0 m/s 104. E-F 20 m/s 105. F-G 0 m/s 106. G-H 10 m/s 107. Which point on the graph shows the fastest speed? C-D 108. Acceleration of an object will occur when an object… a. Speed up b. Slow down c. Change direction Use your own words to define Newton’s three laws: 109. Newton’s first law : an object at rest will stay at rest & an object in motion will stay in motion unless an outside force is applied. 110. Newton’s second law: if mass increases, acceleration decreases. If force increases, acceleration increases; F = MA 111. Newton’s third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Indicate which of Newton’s three laws are described below. st 112. 1 The tectonic plates are moving very slowly. The plates have a lot of mass (and inertia), so they keep moving until an unbalanced force changes the speed or direction of the plates’ motions. rd 113. 3 The Pacific plate pushes against the North American plate, and the North American plate pushes against the Pacific plate with the same amount of force. nd 114. 2 Sometimes a large force like an earthquake causes a tectonic plate to accelerate (move faster). More force results in greater acceleration (and usually more damage). nd 115. 2 Because the roller coaster is moving so fast, a lot of force is usually needed to stop a rollercoaster at the end of the ride. The more cars connected together (more mass), the more force needed to move the roller coaster. Science 8- Astronomy rd 116. 3 The track pushes up (or forward) on the roller coaster, and the roller coaster pushes down (or backwards) on the track. st 117. 1 An unbalanced force is needed to make the rollercoaster start moving. Once the rollercoaster is in motion, its inertia helps it remain in motion with little outside force. Use one of the following words to complete the sentences below: Increases decreases remains constant 118. If mass is constant, as a force increases, the acceleration increases 119. If the force is constant, as the mass increases, the acceleration decreases Science 8- Astronomy