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Edward Barry Marian High School Framingham, MA Summer 2010 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School Teachers http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arkea.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:O._oeni.jpg Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryota_diversity_2.jpg Domain Eukarya Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Dinoflagellata Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Phaeophyta Kingdom Protista Red Algae Phylum Chlorophyta Phylum Rhodophyta http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comète_échouée.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers WEEPING WILLOW MOSS Kingdom Plantae http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mos.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Willow.jpg Phylum Anthophyta Phylum Pterophyta Phylum Cycadophyta Phylum Bryophyta Phylum Coniferophyta Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Ginkgophyta Phylum Basidiomycota MUSHROOM Phylum Zygomycota http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uni dentified_Fungus_5621.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers SEAHORSE Phyum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Platyhenminthes Phylum Mollusca ✔Class Gastropoda ✔Class Bivalvia ✔Class Cephalopoda Phylum Nematoda Phylum Annelida Phylum Arthropoda Class Chilopoda Class Crustacea Class Insecta Class Chelicerata Phylum Echinodermata http://commons.wikimedia.org/wi ki/File:Hippocampus.jpg Phylum Chordata Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Dipnoi Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers THERMOCOCCUS Domain Archaea consists mainly of organisms that live in extreme environments, where others cannot survive. These organisms are prokaryotic, but have features that distinguish them from the other domain of prokaryotes, Bacteria. Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and can have branched carbon chains in their membrane lipids of the phospholipid bilayer. Most organisms making up Domain Archaea are small, unicellular organisms. These organisms are believed to be very similar to the prokaryotes that inhabited the Earth billions of years ago. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thermococcus_gammatolerans.jpg HALOBACTRERIA ∙prokaryotic, unicellular or colonial organisms ∙lack peptidoglycan in cell walls ∙may have branched carbon chains in their membrane lipids http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halobacteria.jpg Sources: http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/ARCHAEA/ http://www.lycos.com/info/archaea--domain-archaea.html http://classic.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Archaea/ Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers E. COLI Domain Bacteria is composed of microscopic prokaryotic bacteria, usually unicellular. Many are decomposers, some are photo synthesizers, and a few cause disease. Most bacteria cause disease by producing serotoxins that harm human cells, while others cause illness as a result of glycoproteins found on the outside of their capsules. There are many shapes that bacteria can come in, but three of the main ones are cocci, bacilli, and spirochete. Cocci are spherical prokaryotic cells that are usually found in clusters or colonies. Some cocci form chains. Bacilli are rod shaped cells that are usually found individually, although a few form pairs, diplobacilli, or chains, streptobacilli. Spirochetes are the last group. The bacteria in this group are helically shaped and usually are found alone. The cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain peptidoglycan. Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are resistant to most antibiotics that affect Eukarya. Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Eukarya http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E-coli-in-color.jpg STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIS •Prokaryotic bacteria, usually unicellular • 3 shapes: cocci, bacilli, and spirochete •Decomposers, photo synthesizers, or cause disease •Cell walls contain peptidoglycan •Contain rRNA unique from Archaea and Eukarya http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_epidermidis_lores.jpg Links: http://classic.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Bacteria/ http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/3domain/3domain.html http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/zo150/mozley/domkingd.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers The Eukarya is the domain of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have their DNA organized into chromosomes located in a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells also have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, plastids, and lysosomes. Eukaryotic plastids and mitochondria were evolved from prokaryotic cells by a process called endosymbiosis. Eukarya are more diverse than any other domain of life. They can be Unicellular (some Protists and yeasts), Colonial (some Protists) or Multicellular (most Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia) organisms. All eukaryotic organisms undergo cell division by mitosis. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Célula_Eucarionte.JPG For additional information http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/fawley/Bioweb2/diversity/domain/eukarya.htm http://classic.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/ http://www.users.bigpond.com/wildlifebb/wildlife/tree/e/u/Eukarya.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Kingdom Protista Members of Kingdom Protista are the most simple eukaryotes. Some protists are mobile and carry out cellular respiration like animals while some other protists perform photosynthesis like plants, but protists are neither plants nor animals, and although some protists are fungus-like they are not a fungus either. Protists can survive only in water-based environments (Ex: fresh water, snow, damp soil). There are three major groups of protists: algae, protozoa, and slime molds/fungus-like protists. Most members are single-celled organisms, but the algae tend to be multicellular. The advantage of mobility that most protists have is made able by tail-like extensions in the form of flagella or cilia, and also by footlike extensions called pseudopodia. Some protists are heterotrophic while others are autotrophic. 1 green algae 2 red PROTIST COLLAGE • Mobile and carry out cellular respiration like animals; perform photosynthesis like plants; neither plants nor animals • Survive only in aquatic environments • Three major groups: algae, protozoa, slime molds/fungus-like Additional Information http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protist_collage.jpg http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trmar99.htm#protista http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_8_protista/Protista.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers The dinoflagellates are a large group of Alveoles- single celled organisms (protists) which are neither animals nor plants. Most are a major component of the marine phytoplankton and their primary producers, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well. Their populations are distributed depending on temperature, salinity, nutrients or depth. About half of all dinoflagellates are photosynthetic (autotrophs), and these make up the largest group of eukaryotic algae aside from the diatoms, being primary producers makes them an important part of the aquatic food chain. the geographic distributions of dinoflagellates can be important indicators of environmental conditions not only for present day environments but also for ancient ones. Fossilized dinoflagellate cysts are widespread in Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary rocks •The chloroplasts in most photosynthetic Dinoflagellates are bound by three membranes, derived from some ingested algae and contain chlorophylls A and C and pigments such as peridinin and fucoxanthin KARENIA BREVIS http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karenia_brevis.jpg •Most Dino are unicellular forms with two flagella •Dino have complex cell coverings called amphiesma. In some forms these support overlapping cellulose plates that make up sort of armor called the Theca. DINOPHYSIS ACUMINATA Links: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagellata.html http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/dinof.html http://www.mnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/dinoflagellates.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dinophysis_acuminata.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Ciliophora STENTOR Ciliophora are complex fresh or saltwater Protozoan that swim by beating their cilia. Some species walk or jump by organizing into rows or clumps. They are unicellular heterotrophs. Some feed on bacteria or other algae which are floating in their vicinity, while others are carnivorous. They have two kinds of nucleimacronucleus and micronucleus. The larger macronucleus is used for photosynthesis and other day to day activities. The micronucleus is used for reproductive activities. Ciliates typically reproduce asexually, however some of them exchange genetic information with other ciliate cells by conjugation, or reproduce sexually. Ciliates have an organelle called a Trichocyst which can be discharged from the cell to anchor the organism or to catch prey by paralyzing it with the trichocyst’s poisonous tip. There are about 8,000 species of Ciliophora. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stentor.jpg Unicellular heterotrophs with 2 nuclei- macronucleus and micronucleus Asexual reproduction, conjugation, or sexual reproduction Swim by beating cilia Links: http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch7_8.shtml http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0812249.html http://qanda.encyclopedia.com/question/description-phylum-ciliophora-83669.html PARAMECIUM http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paramecium.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phaeophyta is a brown algae which gains its pigmentation from mostly, fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a, c1, and c2. The waters that Phaeophyta are found in is temperate, marine tidal zones. It is a microscopic seaweed, and is photosynthetic. The Phaeophyta has a blade, a stipe, and a holdfast, but has no roots, stems, leaves, or flowers. It is photosynthetic. Phaeophyta are always multicellular and dominantly in the diploid state, or as a sporophyte. Phaeophyta reproduce sexually and asexually with an alteration of diploid and haploid generations. The cell walls of Phaeophyta are thick and made up of cellulose and algin acid. They also store sulphated polysaccharides. both sexual and asexual reproduction alternation of diploid and haploid generations always multicellular photosynthetic BROWN ALGAE http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_algae_hi.jpg Links: http://academics.smcvt.edu/dfacey/AquaticBiology/Coastal%20Pages/Brown%20Algae.html http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/CHROMALVEOLATA/HETEROKONTAE/PHAEOPHYTA/default.htm http://books.google.com/books?id=Sc4897dfM_MC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=phylum+phaeophyta&source=bl&ots=n2cHwhMONN&sig=VncIGcguP8CiO0IvihMcj3x3kg&hl=en&ei=-XzFSY3eGJaMtgfMxeDJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Rhodophyta Rhodophyta is also known as red algae. They are considered to be one of the primary producers, provider for structural habitat for other marine organisms, and their important role in the production and maintenance of coral reefs. They are a eukaryotic group. Traits that are specific to Rhodophyta are an absence of flagella and centrioles. They have floridean starch as a storage product and the storage of starch in the cytoplasm. Rhodophyta also have phycoerthrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin as accessory pigments. They have unstacked thylakoids in plastids, and no chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. Rhodophyta have the ability to secrete calcium carbonate is a reason why they have better fossil records. They are among one of the most ancient eukaryotic fossils. Rhodophyta reproduce typically diplohaplontic (diploid and haploid stages). They are mostly marine. • • • RED ALGAE http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RedAlgaeStamp.jpg Rhodophyta is also known as red algae Rhodophyta are an absence of flagella and centrioles Rhodophyta also have phycoerthrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin as accessory pigments Links: http://www.tolweb.org/Rhodophyta http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/R hodophyta.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Green algae may be unicellular (one cell), multicellular (many cells), colonial (living as a loose aggregation of cells) or coenocytic (composed of one large cell without cross-walls; the cell may be uninucleate or multinucleate). They have membrane-bound chloroplasts and nuclei. Most green are aquatic and are found commonly in freshwater (mainly charophytes) and marine habitats (mostly chlorophytes); some are terrestrial, growing on soil, trees, or rocks (mostly trebouxiophytes). Some are symbiotic with fungi giving lichens. Others are symbiotic with animals, e.g. the freshwater coelentrate Hydra has a symbiotic species of Chlorella as does Paramecium bursaria, a protozoan. A number of freshwater green algae (charophytes, desmids and Spirogyra) are now included in the Charophyta (charophytes), a phylum of predominantly freshwater and terrestrial algae, which are more closely related to the higher plants than the marine green algae belonging to the Chlorophyta (known as chlorophytes). GREEN ALGAE (SEAWEED) • Chlorophyll a and b • Store starch • Can be unicellular, multicellular or colonial http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seaweed_colors.jpg Links: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html http://www.ohio.edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/Chlorophyta.htm http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Chlorophyta/Chlorophyta.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular organisms that are photosynthetic. The organisms that make up this kingdom have cell walls that are made of cellulose. They contain both organs and organ systems and are found in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. They can reproduce both asexually and sexually, depending on the species. Chlorophyll gives the organisms in this kingdom their green color, and light energy is captured by the chlorophyll. This kingdom consists of over 250,000 species. ∙photosynthetic ∙reproduce through asexual and sexual reproduction ∙consist of cell walls that are made up of cellulose PLANTS http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plants_diversity.jpg Links: 1.http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/life/plantae.html 2.http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/plantae.html 3.http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id1.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Anthophyta are flowering plants. Members of Anthophyta produce seeds and fruit. A fruit develops when the flower is pollinated. Seed develops inside the endosperm of fruit. The fruit’s endosperm tissue nourishes embryo. Ovules develop within ovary of carpel. In Anthophyta, female and male gametophytes are part of the flower. Some species have separate flowers for each gametophyte. Sperm are always nonmotile and come in the form of pollen spores. Anthophyta have various mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal such as animals, insects, or wind. Petals are specialized leaves with bright colors and shapes that help attract pollinators Stamens produce microspores that give rise to pollen grains. Carpels are where megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes are made. A sticky stigma covers the tip of the carpel and receives pollen. Female gametophytes are housed in the ovule of a carpel. Anthophyta have double fertilization. In the Ovule, one sperm fuses with the egg. The other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei. The first gives rise to an embryo. The latter creates the endosperm. • double fertilization • separate gametophytes • pollination • endosperm provides nourishment to embryo •Seed develops inside the endosperm of fruit BUTTERFLY WEED http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Butterfly_Weed_Whol e_Flowering_Plant_1676px.jpg For More Information: http://faculty.baruch.cuny.edu/jwahlert/bio1003/anthophyta.html http://www.smccd.net/accounts/leddy/anthophyta.htm http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/daehler/biol172/lectures/outline05.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers The phylum Pterophyta is a group of non-seed plants and is part of the plant kingdom. Vegetatatively, the Pterophyta are a diverse group of plants with true leaves, roots and stems. While arborescent [tree-like] species exist, no living fern demonstrates true secondary growth. Roots are adventitious. They may be either homosporous and exosporic or heterosporous and endosporic. Ferns typically have subterranean stems called Rhizomes. Some species have stolons. Most species are Terrestrial but some are Epiphytic [live attached to other organisms] and a few are Aquatic. The structure of the spore, sporangium and sorus are all important taxonomic features. In the typical life cycle, the large, leafy fern sporophyte alternates with a small, flat green gametophyte, called a prothallus. The main difference from the pterophyta and other phyla is that fern sporophytes have megaphylls, a relatively large leaf with a web of veins. FERN w/ SPORES • ferns • non-seed plants http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_Fern_Spores.jpg • true leaves, roots and stems and no secondary growth • alternation of generations in life cycle Links: http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/Systematics/Phyla/Pterophyta/Pterophyta.html http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/svp2.htm http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/bot311-00/CellTissOrgan/Pterophyta.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Division Cycadophyta Members of Phylum Cycadophyta have palm-like leaves and large seeds in the forms of cones. These pollen and seed cones can be up to three feet long and 90 pounds in weight, therefore cycads are the largest in all conebearing plants. These plants grow slowly. They live in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas. They have a short and unbranched trunk. Cycads are pollinated by insects. CYCAD • Have a short, unbranched trunk with large, palm-like leaves coming out of the top • Have large seeds in the form of cones • Grow very slowly Additional Information http://kidsresearchexpress.blogspot.com/2008/07/cycad.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Encephalartos_lebomboensis_-_Lebombo_cycad_-_desc-fruiting_stalk.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/cycadophyta/cycads.html http://www.plantapalm.com/Vce/intro/fossilspast.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers MOSS LIFE CYCLE Bryophytes are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither have flowers nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores. There are two basic categories of sexuality in bryophytes: Dioecious bryophytes produce only antheridia (male organs) or archegonia (female organs) on a single plant body. Monoecious bryophytes produce both antheridia and archegonia on the same plant body. Some bryophyte species may be either monoecious or dioecious depending on environmental conditions. Other species grow exclusively with one type of sexuality. Dispersal in bryophytes is via spores; they neither have flowers nor produce seeds. Bryophytes do produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote, which in turn develops into an embryo, but this is not contained in a seed as in gymnosperms and angiosperms. • Photosynthetic, non-vascular plants; clear alternation of generations •Dominant gametophyte generation; conspicuous gametophyte generation •Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte structure for existence •Reproduction via spores •Rhizoids http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moss_life_Cycle.jpg LIVERWORT Links: http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/liver2.htm http://www.perspective.com/nature/plantae/bryophytes.html http://kaimaibush.co.nz/bryophyta/bryo_frameset.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarchantiophytaSp.NonDéterminéeFL3.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Division Coniferophyta Conifers are the largest gymnosperms. They are considered gymnosperms because they have seeds exposed on cones. They are woody plants, and most are evergreens. They produce ovules that mature into seeds. The ovules and seeds are then found on the upper surface of scale structures. These scale structures are often clustered into “cones.” Conifers produce abundant secondary xylem. There are more than 550 species within the phylum coniferophyta. They are dioecious or monoecious plants. Pollen is produced in pollen cones, and all conifers are wind pollinated. Sperm is carried directly to the egg by way of pollen tube. There are many Conifers found in the New England area. MISC. CONIFERS Gymnosperms that produce ovules exposed on cones Wind pollinated Dioecious or Monoecious plants For Additional Information http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conifer_forest.jpg http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/Phyla/Coniferophyta/Coniferophyta.html http://www.uvawise.edu/natural_sciences/localflora/coniferophyta.html http://www.discoverlifeinamerica.org/atbi/species/Plantae/Coniferophyta/index.shtml Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Ginkgophyta, commonly known as Ginkgo or the maidenhair tree, is a seed-bearing plant. Ginkgo biloba is the only living species of this phylum. It is known to be a living fossil and does not exist much in nature. Ginkgophyta have fan shaped leaves and hair-like veins. The stems undergo a great amount of secondary growth producing a surplus of secondary xylem. Ginkgophyta is a dioecious species. Male Ginkgo are more favorable because female Ginkgo trees produce butyric acid in the fruit which gives off an unfavorable odor. The megasporangiate trees have two ovules. Only one of these two ovules is expected to develop into a mature seed. Microsporangiate trees release pollen that is taken by the wind to fertilize the megasporangiates. GINKO TREE Dioecious species Only has one living fossil species Female Ginkgo release butyric acid which releases a foul odor. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ginko_bilboa_%27King_of_Dongting% 27_(Ginkgoaceae)_tree.JPG Links: http://www.uvawise.edu/natural_sciences/localflora/Ginkgophyta.html http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/systematics/Phyla/Ginkgophyta/Ginkgophyta.html http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio111/gymnosperms.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Kingdom Fungi Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption. Fungi digest their food by secreting hydrolytic enzymes called exoenzymes into their surroundings. There are decomposer/saprobes, parasite, and mutualistic fungi. Saprobic fungi break down and absorb nutrients from non living organic material. Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the cells of living hosts. Multualistic fungi absorb nutrients from a host organism but also help the organism. Some fungi exist as single cells and are known as yeast. Many fungi are multi-cellular. Bodies of fungi typically form a network of hyphae( tiny filaments composed of tubular cell wall). Fungi cell walls have chitin( strong, flexible nitrogen containing polysaccharide) in stead of cellulose. Fungal hyphae form an interwoven mass called a mycelium that surrounds and infiltrates the material which the fungus feeds. • • • Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption. There are 3 categories fungi are divided into by the way they digest their food ;decomposer/saprobes, parasitic, and Multualistic. Bodies of fungi typically are formed by a network of hyphae. POLYPORE (stalkless mushroom) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mushroomy_Log.JPG Additional Information: •http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/ •http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/fungi.htm •http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Basidiomycota is a phylum of fungi that makes up around 37% of the “true Fungi.” This phylum includes jelly fungi, shelf fungi, puffballs, stinkhorns, mushrooms, bird’s nest fungi, and the rusts and the smuts. Basidiomycota consists of about 30,000 species. These organisms obtain nutrients by decaying dead organic material, such as wood and leaf litter. Basidiomycota may be asexual or sexual, and also may be multicellular or unicellular. These organisms are located in just about all terrestrial environments and are also found in freshwater and marine environments. ∙reproduce both sexually and asexually ∙obtain nutrition by decaying dead organic materials ∙found in virtually all terrestrial environments, and also in freshwater and marine habitats CHICKEN OF THE WOODS http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chkofthewoods.jpg Sources: 1.http://tolweb.org/Basidiomycota 2.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54995/Basidiomycota 3.http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Fungi/Basidiomycota_Phylum.asp Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Zygomycota are microscopic fungi. This phylum reproduces asexually by producing sporangiospores within a special sac called the sporangium or by sexual reproduction via zygospores following gamete fusion. Zygomycota produce cell walls containing chitin, chitosan, and polyglucuronic acid . Members of this phylum form hyphae which are generally coenocytic because they lack cross walls or septa. They are heterotrophic and typically grow inside their food, dissolving the substrate with extracellular enzymes, and taking up nutrients by absorption. Zygomycota function as decomposers in soil and dung, thereby playing a significant role in the carbon cycle. Flagellated spores are absent in this phylum. • reproduces asexually or sexually • they lack cross walls or septa • typically grow inside their food and uptake nutrients by absorption •function as decomposers in soil and dung • no Flagellated spores PHYCOMYCES http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phycomyces4.jpg Links: •http://tolweb.org/Zygomycota •http://www.clt.astate.edu/mhuss/phylum_zygomycota.htm •http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Fungi/Zygomycota_Phylum.asp Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Animals are Multicellular and Mitochondrial. These cells are organized into tissues that make up different organs and organ systems. Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells. Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material. All animals are heterotrophs, meaning that they must obtain energy and nourishment by consuming other organisms. In addition, all animals require oxygen for their metabolism , can sense and respond to their environment, and have the capacity to reproduce sexually (though many reproduce asexually as well). During their development from a fertilized egg to adult, all animals pass through a series of embryonic stages as part of their normal life cycle. Animal phyla are classified according to certain criteria, including the type of coelom, symmetry, body plan, and presence of segmentation. ANIMALS •Multicellular •Mitochondrial •Heterotrophs •Develops through embryonic stages http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Animalia_diversity.jpg Links: http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/life/animalia.html&edu=high http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Animalia.html http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Porifera 1 tube sponge Porifera are usually marine, but some live in fresh-water. They have cellular-level organization; this means that their cells are specialized to perform different tasks. They are also multicellular but have few organs and no tissues. They have a system of pores in which water may pass through with the help of flagella that are attached to certain cells called choanocytes. These choanocytes are also used to help porifera bring in food. Members of Phylum Porifera are supported by structures made up of spicules and protein collagen. Reproduction can be either sexual or asexual. For protection, they usually contain harmful, toxic substances to avert predators. These sponges can also house other organisms because of their stable and porous characteristics. They are all sessile. CHIMNEY SPONGE • Most are marine but some live in freshwater • Multicellular, with few tissues and no organ • Have pores and choanocytes to move water through the pores 3 phakellia sponge • Sexual or asexual reproduction • May contain harmful toxins to ward off predators http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chimney_sponge.jpg Additional Information http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/porifera.html http://infusion.allconet.org/webquest/PhylumPorifera.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/porifera.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers The Phylum Cnidaria includes such diverse forms as jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals. Cnidarians are radially or bilaterally symmetric. They have achieved the tissue level of organization, in which some similar cells are associated into groups or aggregations called tissues, but true organs do not occur. Cnidarian bodies have two or sometimes three layers. A gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) has a single exterior opening that serves as both mouth and anus. Often tentacles surround the opening. Some cells are organized into two simple nerve nets, one epidermal and the other gastrodermal, that help coordinate muscular and sensory functions. Cnidarians have two basic body forms, medusa and polyp. Reproduction in polyps is by asexual budding (polyps) or sexual formation of gametes (medusae, some polyps). Cnidarian individuals may be monoecious or dioecious. The result of sexual reproduction is a planula larva, which is ciliated and free-swimming. A nematocyst discharges when a prey species or predator comes into contact with it, driving its threads with barb and poison into the flesh of the victim by means of a rapid increase in hydrostatic pressure. Hundreds or thousands of nematocysts may line the tentacles or surface of the cnidarian. They are capable even of penetrating human skin, sometimes producing a painful wound or in extreme cases, death. ANEMONE • Have nematocysts {stinging cells} that eject barbed threads tipped with poison •Thousands of marine species some are found in rivers and fresh water lakes •Four major classes: ANTHOZOA [coral, anemones]; CUBOZOA [box jellies]; HYDROZOA [hydroids, fire corals]; SCYPHOZOA [true jellyfish] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actiniaria.JPG Link: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidaria.html http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/cnidaria.html http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Invertebrates/Facts/cnidarians/default.cfm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes are also known as flatworms. They are bilaterally symmetrical. They have a defined head and tail. Platyhelminthes have a central nervous system contains a brain and nerve cells. They have a cluster of light sensitive cells called eyespots. They have three layers of tissues with organs and organelles. Platyhelminthes bodies’ have no internal cavity. They have a blind gut which is that they have only one opening which serves as their mouth and anus. They are generally dorso-ventrally flattened. Platyhelminthes are hermaphrodites but produce sexually mostly. PSEUDOBICEROS HANCOCKANUS • • • Platyhelminthes are also known as flatworms Platyhelminthes have a central nervous system contains a brain and nerve cells. Platyhelminthes bodies’ have no internal cavity Additional Information: •http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/platyhelminthes.htm •http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.htm l •http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pl atyhelminthes.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudobiceros_hancockanus.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Bilaterally symmetrical. Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs. Body without cavity. Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus. Body monomeric (single part) and highly variable in form, may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of protein and calcareous spicules. Has a nervous system with a circumoesophagal ring, ganglia and paired nerve chords. Has an open circulatory system with a heart and an aorta. Has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills. Has a pair of kidneys. Reproduction normally sexual. Feed a wide range of material. Live in most environments. • Aquatic or terrestrial • Open circulatory system • Soft, single main section to body GARDEN SNAILS Links: http://tolweb.org/Mollusca http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/mollusca.php http://www.wetwebmedia.com/mollusca.htm http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mollusc_garden_snails_20070712_0113.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers The Class Gastropoda includes the snails and slugs. Most gastropods have a single, usually spirally coiled shell into which the body can be withdrawn, but the shell is lost or reduced some important groups. Gastropods are characterized by "torsion," a process that results in the rotation of the visceral mass and mantle on the foot. The result is that the mantle cavity, including anus, lies in the anterior body, over the head and mouth, and the gut and nervous system are twisted. Many snails have an operculum, a horny plate that seals the opening when the snail's body is drawn into the shell. The head is usually well developed, bearing eyes and tentacles, and the foot is flattened to a creeping sole. The foot which is used for "creeping" locomotion in most species. In some, it is modified for swimming or burrowing. Most gastropods have a well-developed head that includes eyes, 1-2 pairs of tentacles, and a concentration of nervous tissue. Some Gastropods are hermaphroditic. Hermaphroditic forms exchange bundles of sperm to avoid self-fertilization. Gastropod feeding habits are extremely varied, although most species make use of a radula in some aspect of their feeding behavior. Some graze. Some browse. Some feed on plankton. Some are scavengers and some are active carnivores. • torsion •flattened foot used for movement by creeping • some are hermaphroditic • concentration of nervous tissue • varied habitats For More Information: VARIOUS GASTROPOD SHELLS http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apogastropoda_various.jpg http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gastropoda.html http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/Courses/Tatner/biomedia/units/moll6.htm http://www.oceaninn.com/guides/mollusks.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Bivalvia is a group of mollusks that differ considerably from the ancestral mollusk. Members of this class have a shell that is divided in two along a dorsal midline, and held together by a hinge with interdigitating teeth and a flexible ligament. The two valves close together by contraction of the adductor muscles. The shell encompasses a body that is compressed laterally (from the side) and has an extended dorsi-ventral axis and a reduced lateral axis. This compression of the body is seen in changing the foot from a broad, flat, creeping structure to a tapering, blade-like structure for digging. All bivalves are aquatic, with the majority of types living in shallow marine waters. There is however a single group of freshwater forms, the Unionoidea. A few types, such as the common scallops and file shells can swim through the water for short distances by clapping the valves together strongly. Most bivalves are filter feeders, but some are scavengers or even predators. • All are aquatic GIANT CLAM • Two-valve shell, attached by a hinge, which protects the soft animal inside • Shell can be used to swim or dig • Most are filter feeders For additional information http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_clam_komodo.jpg http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_18molluscs/pages/bivalves.html http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Bivalvia/Bivalvia.html http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bivalvia.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Cephalopoda 1 giant squid Organisms in Class Cephalopoda are invertebrates. All cephalopods live only in marine environments. Cephalopoda means “head foot” and cephalopods also have the most complex brain of an invertebrate. They are characterized most distinctly by a large, merged head and foot, with a ring of tentacles or arms surrounding the head. All cephalopods are carnivorous. Their digestive tract consists of three parts: esophagus, stomach, and cecum. Movement occurs by using jet propulsion, but the “legs” can also be used to walk along the ocean floor. Some cephalopods can change color or pattern rapidly when in danger. CUTTLEFISH INTERACTING • Invertebrates • Live only in water • Have a ring of tentacles or arms around their head • Move by jet propulsion Additional Information 3 blue-ringed octopus http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/ http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/cephalopod/cephalopod.html http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_2/307em-cephalo.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Georgia_Aquarium_-_Cuttlefish_Jan_2006.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Nematoda Nematodes are bilaterally symmetrical. Their outer layer is a strong, flexible, noncellular layer called a cuticle. The cuticle is secreted by and covers the epidermal cells. Under the epidermal cells are muscle cells. They run in longitudinal direction only. Nematodes have a simple nervous system. They move by contraction of longitudinal muscles. Most are dioecious. Males use specialized copulatory spines to open females reproductive tract and inject sperm into them. Development of fertilized eggs is direct. C. ELEGANS Surrounded by cuticle Muscles run only in longitudinal direction- move by contraction Reproduce sexually For Additional Information http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nematoda.html http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/nematodes.htm http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/nematoda.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enlarged_c_elegans.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Annelids have ring-like external bands along their muscular body wall that coincide with internal partitions dividing their bodies into segments. Annelida are bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform. Their body cavity is a true coelom (a fluid filled body cavity). Annelids bodies are divided into three regions a prostomium (the first body segment in annelids), segments (the majority of their body), and pygidium (the posterior body region). The youngest parts of an annelid are most posterior. Annelids have a nervous system with an anterior nerve ring, ganglia, and a ventral nerve chord. Annelids have a closed circulatory system. They reproduce sexually and some are hermaphroditic. Annelids are divided into three subphyla Polychaeta( where the majority of annelids are), Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) and Hirudinea (leeches). • Annelids bodies are divided into three regions a prostomium (the first body segment in annelids), segments (the majority of their body), and pygidium (the posterior body region). • Annelids have a nervous system with an anterior nerve ring, ganglia, and a ventral nerve chord. • Annelids are divided into three subphyla Polychaeta( where the majority of annelids are), Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) and Hirudinea (leeches). LEECH http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leech_blutegel.jpg Additional Information: http://www.tolweb.org/Annelida http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/annelida.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/annelida.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers ARTHROPODS Phylum Arthropoda consists of crustaceans, insects, spiders, and their relatives. It’s name means “jointed foot,” as all of these organisms have. This is the most numerous phylum of all living organisms, both by number of species and number of individuals. Organisms making up Arthropoda have segmented bodies, surrounded by an exoskeleton that consist of chitin and other chemicals. All have the body segments of a head, thorax, and abdomen. Most organisms in the phylum have a pair of compound eyes, and one to several eyes. ∙insects, crustaceans, spiders, centipedes, and scorpions ∙have segmented bodies, containing of at least a head, thorax and abdomen ∙surrounded by exoskeleton http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arthropoda.jpg Sources: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arthropoda.html http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio106/arthrpod.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropoda.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Chilopoda is made up of centipedes. They are carnivorous. Centipedes can run fast and can bite. Members of Chilopoda feed on soil invertebrates such as earthworms and terrestrial insects and sometimes plants. Their bodies are made up of a chain of many, up to 177, flattened segments, each except the one behind the head and last two bearing a single pair of legs. Most are small, but a few attain up to 10 inches in length. They have antennae. The appendages of the first body segment have been modified to form large, poisonous fangs that are used to capture prey. All are terrestrial but require moist microhabitats such as leaf litter, under logs or rocks. Fertilization is internal, with spermatophore transferred in ways similar to many arachnids. Centipedes lay eggs, which in some species are carefully brooded by the female. When they hatch, the young resemble miniature adults. HOUSE CENTIPEDE • carnivorous • lay eggs • have poisonous fangs •All are terrestrial • require moist habitats http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scutigera_coleoptrata.JPG For Additional Information: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chilopoda.html http://bugguide.net/node/view/20 http://www.earthlife.net/insects/chilopod.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Most are aquatic and of these, the majority are marine but some are found in fresh water. All have two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, a pair of compound eyes (usually on stalks), and two pair of maxillae on their heads, followed by a pair of appendages on each body segment. Crustaceans respire via gills. Like other arthropods, all have a hard but flexible exoskeleton. Most crustaceans are free-living, but some are sessile and a few are even parasitic. Most use their maxillae and mandibles to take in food. Most are filter feeders. The walking legs, including specialized chelipeds, may be used to help capture prey. Some crustaceans filter tiny plankton or even bacteria from the water; others are active predators; while still others scavenge nutrients from detritus. Most have male and female reproductive organs in separate animals. VARIOUS CRUSTACEANS • All have two pairs of antennae, a pair of mandibles, a pair of compound eyes, two pair of maxillae on their heads and a pair of appendages on each body segment. • All respire via gills • Most are filter feeders http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crustacea.jpg • Male and female reproductive organs in separate animals For additional information http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crustacea.html http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/courses/ent201/arthropoda/classcrustacea.html http://zoology.muohio.edu/crist/Zoo312/Crustaceans.html Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Insecta Insects live in almost all terrestrial and freshwater habitats; a few species are even marine. The members of Class Insecta have a very wide range of body shape and size, but they normally do not grow to a very large size. They have a body that is separated into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. Usually, they also have rather large eyes and a pair of antennae on the top of their head. In addition to that, insects typically have two pairs of wings which are extended from their body wall, and three pairs of legs. Insects breathe through a tracheal system and they have spiracles as well as finely branched tubules that carry gases directly to the metabolizing tissues. Aquatic insect forms typically exchange gasses through their body wall, or they have a pair of gills. Most fertilization is internal. WEAVER ANTS • Can live in most terrestrial and freshwater habitats, and occasionally even in marine habitats • Body separated into three parts: head, thorax, abdomen • Have a pair of antennae, two pairs of wings, and three pairs of legs • Reproduce mostly through internal fertilization http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oecophylla.jpg Additional Information http://www.livescience.com/insects/ http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=24.25.298 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/Insects/ClassInsecta/ClassInsecta.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Chelicerata is a subphylum of the phylum Arthropoda. The Chelicerata can be defined as those arthropods with the anterior-most appendages as a pair of small pincers (chelicerae) followed usually by pedipalps and four pairs of walking legs, and with the body divided into two parts: the prosoma (corresponding approximately to the cephalothorax of many crustaceans and the opisthosoma or abdomen). There are never antennae or mandibles (lateral jaws). The Chelicerata has three classes: the enormous group Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and related forms); the Pycnogonida (sea spiders or nobody-crabs); and the Merostomata (including the Xiphosurida or horseshoe crabs). Both Merostomata and Pycnogonida are marine, but the enormous numbers and varied forms of the Arachnida are almost entirely terrestrial. The respiratory structures of chelicerates include gills, book-lungs, and tracheae. Sexes are normally separate, with genital openings at the anterior end of the opisthosoma. Some mites and other small chelicerates are omnivorous scavengers, but the majority of species of larger chelicerates are predaceous carnivores at relatively high trophic levels in their particular ecotopes. HORSESHOE CRAB http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horseshoe_crabs,_Great_Bay,_NH.jpg • The chelicerata are unable to ingest solids; so they drink blood or inject saliva to dissolve their prey; • The legs on the prosoma are adapted for walking or swimming; • Most are terrestrial, with only four marine species left ARACHNID Links: http://livelikedirt.blogspot.com/2009/11/sundy-inverts-arthropods-part-5.html http://www.servinghistory.com/topics/Cheliceriformes http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/metazoa/arthropoda/cheliceriformes/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arachnida_Richard_Bartz.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Echinodermata Echinoderms are a marine group found in all oceans. They are derived from sessile ancestors, yet they are motile. They have a water vascular system with a network of radial canals extending through each of the extensions of the animal. They have a decentralized nervous system. They have a simple hemal/ excretory system. They usually have two separate sexes- not hermaphrodites. Their reproduction varies from being free spawning and indirect development to brooding and direct development. Adults have a penta-radial body organization. BRITTLESTAR on SPONGE Water vascular system Decentralized nervous system Simple hemal/ excretory system For Additional Information 1. http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/echinoderms.html 2. http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/units/echi1.htm 3. http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/phylum_echinodermata.htm http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sponge_Brittle_Stars.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Phylum Chordata Phylum chordata includes well known vertebrates for example birds, fish, amphibians, and humans. All chordates share a set of traits, although many species only possess some of these traits only during embryonic development. All chordates are deuterostomes, meaning that the anus develops before the mouth in early embryonic stages. The four key characters of chordates are ; a notochord, a dorsal , hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular post anal tail. A notochord is a longitudinal flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. The nerve chord of a chordate embryo developed from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord. Hollow nerve cord is unique to chordates. Pharyngeal clefs are grooves that develop into slits that open to the outside of the body, Pharyngeal slits allow water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing the entire digestive tract. There are three subphyla: Urochordata, (a marine group commonly known as "sea squirts" or tunicates. They are hermaphroditic which mean they have both sets of sex organs. They reproduce sexually and asexually.) Cephalochordata, ( also known as lancelet, but they have no complex sense organs) and • • • E.O. WILSON Vertebrata. Phylum chordate includes well known vertebrates for example birds, fish, amphibians, and humans The four key characters of chordates are ; a notochord, a dorsal , hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular post anal tail. There are three subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata Additional Information: •http://www.tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 •http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chordata/chordata.html •http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/chordates.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E._O._Wilson_standing,_October_16,_2007.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays and skates. The organisms that make up this class have skeletons that are made up of cartilage, instead of being made up of bone. They have five to seven gill slits on each side of their bodies and two pairs of fins. They lack scales and swim bladders. Some of the organisms in this class give live birth, while others will produce egg sacs. These organisms have poor eye sight, but to make up for it, they have a lateral line system of sensory organs running down the side of their body that can detect small changes in water pressure, which allows them to know when fish are swimming by. UNK. STING RAY ∙skeleton made of cartilage, rather than bone ∙may give live birth or produce egg sac ∙have lateral line system of sensory organs to detect pressure changes in the water Sources: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/PhylumChordata/ClassChondrichthyes.htm http://www.woodbridge.tased.edu.au/MDC/Species%20Register/class_chondrichthyes.htm http://www.nvcc.edu/home/sotsuka/taxonomy/taxon/chordata/chondrichthyes.htm http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taeniura_lymma_060417w.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Osteichthyes is comprised of “bony” fish. The skeleton of theses fish is made of bone, Other structural feature in bony fish is the operculum, a flap on each side of the head that covers the gills. A special organ called a swim bladder housed under the bony skeleton is a gas filled chamber that allows the bony fish to remain floating in the water. A bony fish is able to breathe without swimming simply by moving the operculum. Most bony fish are carnivorous. Few are herbivores that feed on algae and aquatic plants and only some are filter feeders. These fish have paired fins, many teeth, and numerous vertebrae. Most species have dermal scales and mucous glands in the skin. Circulation consists of a two chambered heart, arterial and venous systems, and four pairs of aortic arches. These fish contain a nervous system of brain with small olfactory lobes, cerebrum, and large optic lobes. Most bony fish are ray-finned fish, meaning that they have thin, flexible skeletal rays. Lobe-finned fish, the other type of bony fish, have muscular fins supported by bones. Only one species lobe-finned fish, the coelacanth, still lives. Bony fish are all aquatic and majorities live in salt-water environments. Most species produce eggs. Fertilization is external. •Fertilization is external •Have gills, bone skeleton, and swim bladder •Either ray-finned or lobe-finned •Most live in salt water •Have a nervous system of brain SEA HORSE http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hippocampus.jpg For More Information: http://www.woodbridge.tased.edu.au/MDC/Species%20Register/class_osteichthyes.htm http://www.nvcc.edu/home/sotsuka/taxonomy/taxon/chordata/osteichthyes.htm http://www.fernbank.edu/stt/VertBio/pages/Osteichthyes/osteichthyes.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Dipnoi are bony fishes of the southern hemisphere. They are a group of fish commonly known as the lungfish. Their "lung" is a modified swim bladder, which in most fish is used for buoyancy in swimming, but in the lungfish also absorbs oxygen and removes wastes. Modern lungfish in Africa and South America are able to survive when their pools dry up by burrowing into the mud and sealing themselves within a mucous-lined burrow. During this time, they breathe air through their swim bladder instead of through their gills, and reduce their metabolic rate dramatically. These fish will even drown if they are kept underwater and not allowed to breathe air. They are sometimes classified as an order of Crossopterygii. They have so many unusual characteristics that zoologists initially had a difficult time determining if they were fish, amphibians or reptiles. For example, the African and South American lungfish have larvae with external gills like some of the amphibians do. SOUTH AM. LUNGFISH •Lungfish •Bony fishes •Have a swim bladder and can breathe through it instead of their gills when water is scarce •Absorbs oxygen and removes wastes http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidosiren_paradoxa.jpg For additional information http://www.thefreedictionary.com/subclass+Dipnoi http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/sarco/dipnoi.html http://people.clemson.edu/~jwfoltz/wfb300/subjects/dipnoi/dipnoi.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Amphibia Class Amphibia contains all members of tetrapods that do not have amniotic eggs. Amphibians generally spend most of their life on land, but some do not have the ability to leave water. One main reason that some amphibians spend a majority of their life in water is so that they may reproduce. They release eggs which are then undergo external fertilization. Some amphibians do reproduce internally, though. A few characteristics of amphibians are: dorsal nerve cord, gills (which are usually replaced by lungs in the adult stage), notochord , and a post anal tail which changes stages through life. They also have very thin, scale-less skin. Also, they are exothermic. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle. Amphibian eggs have no shell and instead are covered in gelatinous layers. The larval stage may last from ten days to over twenty years. FIRE SALAMANDER 2 salamander • Can reproduce internally or externally • Have either lungs or gills for life on land or in water • Unable to regulate body temperature 3 caecilian • Eggs covered in gelatinous layers • Three groups: Anura, Urodela, and Gymnophiona Additional Information http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Feuer_Salamander_2.jpg http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/amphibian/amphibia.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibintro.html http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/amph/main/clasamph.htm Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Class Reptilia Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates with scales. Due to their cold blood, they can’t regulate body temperature so to warm up they seek the sun, and to cool down they seek shelter. However, they don’t need much food to maintain a steady body temperature, so they can live in areas with sparse vegetation. Reptiles have legs that are either short or not there, and reptiles are found everywhere in the world except polar regions and mountain tops. Most reptiles lay hard-shelled, amniotic eggs, but some give birth to live young. The eggs of reptiles are different from those of amphibians because they are leathery instead of jelly-encased. There is no larval stage with reptiles. Most reptiles reproduce sexually, yet some reproduce through parthogenesis, or reproducing without mating. RHINOCEROS IGUANA Cold blooded vertebrates with scales Most lay hard-shelled eggs, yet some give birth Usually reproduce sexually, but sometimes through parthogenesis No larval stage For Additional Information 1. http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/reptile/main/reptilia.htm 2. http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/animals1/reptile/reptile.html 3. http://home.earthlink.net/~itec/Reptilia.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RhinoIguanaMay07Pedernales.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers Aves, commonly known as birds, consist of about 9,000 species. Aves reproduce sexually, and the eggs are fertilized within the Reproductive tract of the females. The eggs produced are amniote eggs, and usually lay high off the ground out of reach of predators. Unique to Aves is a “one-way” breathing system. This “one-way” breathing is due to the blood flow and air flow moving in opposite directions. Aves are vertebrates of which most fly, or have ancestors who flew. All Aves derive from a common ancestor. They have light, strong, hollow bones and powerful muscles needed for flight. Aves are covered in feathers with a horny beak and no teeth. BLUE JAY “one-way” breathing system reproduce sexually producing an egg outside the body light bones for easy flight Additional Information Sites 1. http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/SCLA1858.htm 2. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aves.html 3. http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/animal_4.htm http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyanocitta-cristata-004.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers All mammals share at least three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones, hair, and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. The three middle ear bones: the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, function in the transmission of vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner ear. Hair has several functions, including insulation, color patterning, and aiding in the sense of touch. All female mammals produce milk from their mammary glands in order to nourish newborn offspring. Thus, female mammals invest a great deal of energy caring for each of their offspring, a situation which has important ramifications in many aspects of mammalian evolution, ecology, and behavior. The smallest mammals are found among the shrews and bats; and can weigh as little as 3 grams. The largest mammal, and indeed the largest animal to ever inhabit the planet, is the blue whale, which can weigh 160 metric tons. Mammals have evolved to exploit a large variety of ecological niches and life history strategies and have evolved numerous adaptations to take advantage of different lifestyles. mammals that fly, glide, swim, run, burrow, or jump have evolved morphologies that allow them to locomote efficiently; mammals have evolved a wide variety of forms to perform a wide variety of functions. Care by males often involves defending a territory, resources, or the offspring themselves. Males may also provision females and young with food. Mammalian young are often born in an altricial state, needing extensive care and protection for a period after birth. Some mammals, however, are born well-developed and are able to locomote on their own soon after birth. BALUGA WHALES • Have 4-chambered heart, diaphragm and large cerebral cortex • Most terrestrial, some marine • have mammary glands for nourishing young • Hair hair/fur or some derivation Links: http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/welcome.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammal.html http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/mammals/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Baluga_Whales.jpg Harvard University Life Sciences - HHMI Outreach Summer 2010 Workshop for Biology Teachers