Survey
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UNIT 7A REVIEW QUESTIONS 1) The persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information is MEMORY 2) The process of getting information into memory is called ENCODING 3) The process of getting information out of memory is called RETRIEVAL 4) A modern information-processing model that looks at memories as a series of activation patterns is CONNECTIONISM 5) What word is associated with sensory memory – in terms of duration? FLEETING 6) Which memory lasts seconds but is consciously activated and has a limit in capacity? SHORT-TERM 7) If I am told an address but can only remember it long enough to write it down, the address has been stored in which type of memory? SHORT-TERM 8) In which memory would a flashbulb memory be stored? LONG-TERM 9) Which memory is somewhat permanent and limitless? LONG-TERM 10) If an individual is actively processing information and making connections, he is using WORKING MEMORY 11) Automatic processing and effortful processing involve 2 types of ENCODING 12) Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as AUTOMATIC PROCESSING 13) During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day’s events. This best illustrates what kind of processing? AUTOMATIC 14) Learning a new language is an example of what kind of processing? EFFORTFUL 15) Can what is learned through effort ever be automatic? YES 16) What technique is being used when a first grade teacher asks her students to write the spelling words 10 times each? REHEARSAL 17) Analogy: Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to ENCODING 18) Which pioneering researcher is associated with the retention curve? EBBINGHAUS 19) According to Ebbinghaus, if you spend little time learning, you will actually remember LITTLE 20) To study a bit each day prior to a test illustrates the SPACING EFFECT 21) I can actually learn the material better if I quiz myself. This is known as the TESTING EFFECT 22) The tendency to be able to recall the beginning and the end of a list of items illustrates the SERIAL POSITION EFFECT 23) Your ability to recall the first few items on a list illustrates the PRIMACY EFFECT 24) Your ability to recall the last few items on a list illustrates the RECENCY EFFECT 25) The process by which information in encoded by its meaning is called SEMANTIC ENCODING 26) We remember best when meaning is connected to a memory and that memory is connected to which individual? SELF 27) At what age do we begin to truly remember? 3 28) Our ability to remember pleasurable events is referred to as ROSY RETROSPECTION 29) What is a mnemonic device supposed to do? AID MEMORY 30) Visually associating a list of 5 grocery items to mental images of objects illustrates which type of mnemonic device? PEG-WORD SYSTEM 31) Organization of information into meaningful units is CHUNKING 32) Using outlines is an example of what kind of organization? HIERARCHICAL 33) Images that last for only tenths of a second are referred to as what kind of memory? ICONIC 34) Iconic memory is to echoic memory as visual stimulation is to AUDITORY stimulation. 35) How long does echoic memory last? 3-4 SECONDS 36) How many bits of information can our short-term memory hold? 7 37) Can we remember short-term better through audition or vision? AUDITION 38) Do we remember numbers or letters better? NUMBERS 39) What is the limit to long-term memory? NONE 40) Yes or No: Is our memory restricted to a particular section of the cortex? NO 41) Synaptic changes where information is being exchanged illustrates MEMORY TRACE 42) Increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as LONG-TERM POTENTIATION 43) What is one effect of long-term potentiation in a neuron’s receptor site? THEY INCREASE 44) Which protein is associated with enhanced memory? CREB 45) Momentary unconsciousness interferes with which memory? SHORT-TERM 46) Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called FLASHBULB MEMORIES 47) Prolonged stress shrinks which part of the brain? HIPPOCAMPUS 48) What kind of memory takes place without us realizing it? IMPLICIT 49) Remembering how to ride a bike after not riding for over 5 years is an example of IMPLICIT MEMORY 50) Memory of the information in this chapter is an example of EXPLICIT MEMORY 51) In which side is verbal information stored in the hippocampus? LEFT 52) In which side is visual information stored in the hippocampus? RIGHT 53) In which part of the brain is implicit memory stored? CEREBELLUM 54) The fact that we don’t have memories prior to the age of 3 is referred to as INFANTILE AMNESIA 55) When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? RECALL 56) An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? RECOGNITION 57) Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? RELEARNING 58) Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called RETRIEVAL CUES 59) The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called PRIMING 60) Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of PRIMING 61) If I learned words while underwater and I’m having a difficult time remembering the words, it is best if I GO UNDERWATER 62) The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as DÉJÀ VU 63) Remembering something that happened while drunk is best remembered if drunk. This is an example of which pattern of recall? STATE-DEPENDENCE 64) The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to which kind of memory? MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORY 65) Sometimes we don’t remember because we didn’t encode properly. This can be due to ABSENT-MINDEDNESS 66) Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially FAST and then LEVELS OFF. 67) Once the initial forgetting takes place, what is retained will be in storage for how long? YEARS 68) The inability to name something you know is evidence of failure in RETRIEVAL 69) The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE 70) Joe can recall his old girlfriend’s number but not his new. In fact, he sometimes calls his old girlfriend by mistake. This is an example of PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE 71) After learning the combination of his new locker at school, Harold now can’t recall the combination of the lock he uses for his bike. This is an example of RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE 72) What natural activity aids in remembering? SLEEPING 73) After learning Spanish, you found it easier to learn French. This is an example of POSITIVE TRANSFER 74) Who incorrectly emphasized that we repress anxiety-arousing memories? FREUD 75) True or False: We forget terrible memories. FALSE 76) Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments that brushing teeth 4X a day reduced cavities and gum disease misrecalled how often they themselves had brushed. This illustrates MOTIVATED FORGETTING 77) As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This illustrates MEMORY RECONSTRUCTION 78) After reading a newspaper article that stated that one of the drivers in a devastating car accident had actually been drinking, eyewitnesses now recalled that particular person driving more recklessly than he actually had. This is an example of the MISINFORMATION EFFECT 79) Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to IMAGINATION INFLATION 80) As a child, Andrew dreamed he rode horseback with his mother along the beach. Years later, he thought this dream had actually occurred. This is an example of SOURCE AMNESIA 81) In regards to details, false memories contain more or less details than real memories? LESS 82) What kind of amnesia is related to our inability to recall early childhood memories? INFANTILE 83) Which memory researcher is associated with childhood sexual abuse? LOFTUS