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Pediatric and Adult ECMO: Patient Selection and Management James D. Fortenberry, MD Clinical Director, Pediatric and Adult ECMO Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston 1600 Neonatal 1400 Pediatric 1200 1000 800 600 400 Number of neonatal and pediatric ECLS treatments on an annual basis reported to ELSO registry 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 0 > 1986 200 All who drink of this treatment recover within a short time, except in those who do not. Therefore, it fails only in incurable cases -Galen Is ECMO of Proven Benefit for Respiratory Failure? • Neonatal respiratory failure PPHN, meconium aspiration; CDH UK study (Lancet, 1997) Proven benefit in regionalized setting Is ECMO of Proven Benefit in Respiratory Failure? • Children No good prospective study Retrospective data: benefit in higher risk (not moribund) patients with respiratory failure ECMO decreased mortality from 47.2 to 26.4% (331 pts.-Green et al., CCM, 1996) Mortality 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ECMO patients Non-ECMO patients * <25% 25-50% 50-75% >75% Mortality Risk Group -Green et al., CCM 1996 Outcome in Pediatric ECMO: Predictors of Survival • Younger age (23 vs. 49 months) • Ventilator days pre-ECMO (5.1 vs. 7.3) • Lower PIP, lower A-a gradient (Moler et al., CCM, 1993) • No difference in survival if > 2 weeks on ECMO (Green et al., CCM, 1995) • Lung biopsy not necessarily predictive Is ECMO of Proven Benefit in Adult Respiratory Failure? • Adult ELS NIH study: 1971 90% mortality: no benefit with VA ECMO in moribund patients • Gattinoni-nonrandomized experience 49% survival • Corroboration at other centers-U. of Michigan • Morris-AJRCCM 1992 (Utah) No statistically significant survival benefit of ECMO vs. computerized vent management protocol Thousands of Dollars/Life-Year 70 62.5 60 50 43.5 40 26.9 30 20 10 4.19 0 Pediatric ECLS Liver Bone Marrow Heart Transplant Transplant Transplant Cost/life-year-saved of pediatric extracorporeal life support (ECLS) with adult therapies Vats et al. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1587-1592 Pediatric ECMO - Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Diagnosis Number Survival % ELSO Survival % ARDS 14 71 51 Bacterial Pneumonia 33 85 79 Viral Pneumonia 7 86 53 Trauma 3 100 63 Burns 4 75 52 Total 74 77% 62% Are Pediatric and Adult ECMO Different? • More alike than different • Subtle differences in criteria • Difference in size = major difference in difficulty of nursing care Adults are just Big Kids Patient Selection for Pediatric/Adult ECMO Basic Principles • Is the pulmonary/cardiac disease life threatening? • Is the disease likely reversible? • Are other diseases relative to prognosis? • Is ECMO more likely to help than hurt? • Is preoperative support warranted?? • VA or VV? Diagnoses for Pediatric ECLS pneumocystis 1% ARDS 11% aspiration 8% Other intrapulmonary hemorrhage 40% 1% viral pneumonia 30% From: Registry of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization(ELSO, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). bacterial pneumonia 9% ECMO: General Indications in Respiratory Failure • Lung disease that is: Acute Life threatening Reversible Unresponsive to conventional/alternative therapy ECMO for Pediatric Respiratory Failure: Indications • Acute, potentially reversible respiratory (and/or cardiovascular) disease unresponsive to conventional/alternative arrangement • Oxygenation index >40 x 2 hours • Barotrauma • P/F ratio <200 Oxygenation Index OI= Mean airway pressure x Fi O2 x 100 PaO2 Pediatric and Adult ECMO Indications • Lung disease that is: acute life threatening reversible unresponsive to conventional therapy Pediatric and Adult ECLS Selection Criteria • No malignancy incurable disease contraindication to anticoagulation • Intubation/ventilation for < 10 days; • < 6 days in adult • Hypercarbic respiratory failure with: pH < 7.0, PIP > 40 Adult ECLS Selection Criteria • Respiratory failure shunt > 30% on an FiO2 of > 0.6 compliance < 0.5 ml/cmH2O/kg • Severe, life threatening hypoxemia • Lack of recruitment inadequate SpO2/PaO2 response to increasing PEEP ECMO for Pediatric Respiratory Failure: Contraindications • Unlikely to be reversible in 10-14 days • Terminal underlying condition • Mechanical ventilation >10 days • Multi-organ failure • Severe or irreversible brain injury • Significant pre-ECMO CPR Pediatric and Adult ECLS Exclusion Criteria • Absolute: contraindication to anticoagulation terminal disease underlying moderate to severe chronic lung disease PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 100 for > 10 days (> 5 days in adult) MODS: >2 organ system failure Pediatric and Adult ECLS Exclusion Criteria • Absolute: uncontrolled metabolic acidosis central nervous system injury/ malfx immunosuppression chronic myocardial dysfunction Adult ECLS Exclusion Criteria • Relative contraindications: mechanical ventilation > 6 days septic shock severe pulmonary hypertension (MPAP > 45 or > 75% systemic) Adult ECLS Exclusion Criteria • Relative contraindications: cardiac arrest acute, potentially irreversible myocardial dysfunction > 35 years of age Differences between Pediatric and Adult ECMO Criteria • Mechanical ventilation prior to ECMO; pediatric < 10 days vs. adult < 6 days • Age: adult vs. pediatric “The key to the success of ECMO may be the time of initiation” Plotkin et al., U of M, 1994 ECMO Initiation Surgical Team Selection of Technique VA vs. ECMO VV ECMO Veno-venous (VV) vs. Veno-arterial (VA) • VA Provides complete cardiorespiratory support Negative impact on afterload • VV Preferred mode Don’t sacrifice artery Oxygenates blood to heart Why VV Might Be Better Than VA • Cannulation: ease • Effect on pulmonary blood flow: improved oxygenation • Cardiac effects: decreased LV afterload, improved coronary oxygenation • Patient safety: emboli Use of VV and VV ECMO: Egleston Pediatric Experience 14 Number of patients 12 10 VV ECMO VA ECMO 8 6 4 2 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year Equipment Size of Circuit Components Based on Patient Weight Weight (kg) 2–8 8–12 12-20 20-30 >30 Tubing size 1/4” 3/8” 3/8” 3/8” 1/2” Race way tubing 1/4” 3/8” 3/8” 3/8” 1/2” Bladder 1/4” 3/8” 3/8” 3/8” 3/8” Oxygenator (sqm) 0.8 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.51 10-14 16 18 20 22 Venous cannula2 1 Two oxygenators necessary in parallel or in series 2 Minimal sizes of cannulas Pediatric and Adult ECLS: Cannulation • Cannulation frequently rocky • Code drugs to bedside • Patient on specialty bed • Cannulation orders • Heparin bolus available Pediatric and Adult ECLS: Venovenous cannulation • Dual cannulae: usually drain from right atrium via RIJ, return to femoral vein +/- cephalad cannula • Double lumen cannula: 12-18F in RIJ for smaller children • Cutdown vs. percutaneous • Blood vs. saline prime Pediatric and Adult ECLS: Veno-arterial cannulation • Usually for cardiac ECMO • May convert VV to VA ECMO • Cannulae: Venous drain-RIJ to right atrium; arterial-usually common carotid to aorta Pediatric ECMO Management: Pulmonary • Basic goals: » decrease further lung damage » reduce oxygen toxicity » “lung rest” Pediatric and Adult ELS Approach to the Patient • • • • • • • Fluids/nutrition: Feed ‘em! Sedation/analgesia: Snow ‘em! Antibiotics: Hold ‘em! Invasive procedures: Bronch ‘em! Weaning: Wean ‘em! Decannulation: Cap ‘em! Post-ECMO: Rehab ‘em! Pediatric ECMO Management: Pulmonary • Optimal ventilator settings vary • Limit peak pressures to 30 cm H2O • Delivered tidal volumes 4-6 cc/kg • Rate 5-10 breaths/minute • PEEP 12-15 cm H2O • Inspiratory time longer • Goal FiO2 0.21 Pediatric ECMO Management: Pulmonary • Tolerate pCO2 55-65, SpO2 > 88% • Time of “rest” depends on process • 3-5 days minimum for ARDS • Resolution of air leak (48-72 hours) • Suctioning PRN • Avoid bagging Pediatric ECMO Management: Pulmonary • Pulmonary hygiene • Daily chest radiographs-may signal recovery • Re-recruitment • Bronchoscopy may be beneficial • May come off on HFOV Pediatric ECMO Management: Flow • Infants: 120-150 cc/kg/min • Children: 100-120 cc/kg/min • Adults: 70-80 cc/kg/min • Attempt to reach maximal flow early in run to determine buffer Pediatric ECMO Management: Cardiovascular • VA ECMO generally required with cardiac failure • VV ECMO may improve cardiac function • Usually able to wean pressors • Milranone can be beneficial • Hypertension common in VV ECMO (69%)-try ACE inhibitors Pediatric ECMO Management: CNS • Increased Vd, surface interaction, altered renal blood flow, CVVH • Morphine used due to oxygenator uptake of fentanyl; tolerance • Lorazepam, midazolam • NMB usually required in ped/adults-use pavulon, take holidays, watch with steroids Surgeons give fluid Intensivists give Lasix (or use CVVH) Pediatric ECMO Management: Fluids/Renal • Tendency to capillary leak • Oliguria often associated and worsened on ECMO • May be recalcitrant to Lasix • CVVH: helpful adjunct; simple inline in circuit; Renal consult • CVVH does not worsen outcome (Bunchman et al., PCCM 2001) Pediatric ECMO Management: GI • Decreased catabolism = decreased infection • Enteral nutrition preferred: improved calories, decreased cost, similar complications (Pettignano, et,al, CCM, 1997) • Can give intragastric or transpyloric • Aggressive bowel regimens Pediatric ECMO Management: Hematologic • Maintain Hb/Hct > 13/40 • Hemolysis-monitor with serum free Hgb • Platelet consumption common-keep greater than 100,000 • Activated clotting time (ACT) 180200; 160-180 if expect significant bleeding Pediatric ECMO Management: Hematologic • Amicar-inhibits fibrinolysis; can enhance hemostasis in high risk cases, post-op • Loading dose 100 mg/kg, infusion 20-30 mg/kg/hour for no more than 96 hours • Aprotinin for active bleeding-generally avoid due to clot risk Pediatric ECMO Management: Infectious • Routine antibiotic coverage not practiced • Strict asepsis during run • Need to have low index of suspicion for super-infection; may be difficult to assess Adult ECMO Management: Specific Issues • ACLS requirements • Consultation: Adult Pulmonary, Ob/Gyn, Infectious Disease • Commitment to rapid return to referring institution post-ECMO • Age limits ECMO Weaning and Decannulation • Improvement: diuresis, CXR improvement, lung compliance • Weaning of flow to 50 cc/kg/min • VV: “capping” - continue circuit flow with gas supply d/ced • Surgery decannulates • Issues of termination Questions??