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American Anthem Modern American History Chapter 4 Columbus statute in Rhode Island The Union in Crisis 1850-1877 Copyright © 2009, Mr. Ellington Ruben S. Ayala High School Chapter 4: The Union in Crisis, 1850-1877 1. The Nation Splits Apart A: Expansion and Slavery B: Sectional Conflicts and National Politics C: Lincoln’s Path to the Presidency D: The South Secedes 2. The Civil War A: The Civil War Begins B: Life During the Civil War C: Fighting Continues D: The Final Phase Columbus statute in Rhode Island 3. Rebuilding the South A: Presidential Reconstruction B: Congressional Reconstruction C: Republicans in Charge D: Reconstruction Ends Part 1. The Nation Splits Apart 1A: Expansion and Slavery • Mexican Cession reopened the question of slavery and expansion • Compromise of 1850 temporarily settled the issue, but Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Kansas-Nebraska Act fueled sectional tensions Part 1. The Nation Splits Apart 1B: Sectional Conflicts and National Politics • A civil war in Kansas (“Bleeding Kansas”) was caused by a fight over popular sovereignty and led to two competing state governments • Democrats won 1856 election by portraying Republicans as radical • The caning of Senator Sumner, the Dred Scott decision, and John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry all moved nation closer to civil war Part 1. The Nation Splits Apart Section 1C: Lincoln’s Path to the Presidency • Lincoln was born in a log cabin in KY in 1809 and eventually became a successful lawyer and Whig politician from IL • In 1858, Lincoln ran unsuccessfully for Stephen Douglass’ senate seat as a Republican and engaged in a series of famous debates • In 1860, Lincoln ran and won the Presidency on the Republican Party ticket Part 1. The Nation Splits Apart Section 1D: South Secedes • Seven states led by S. Carolina seceded after Lincoln’s election • The Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as their leader • Crittenden Compromise failed and left nation at brink of war Part 2: The Civil War Section 2A: The Civil War Begins • • • • • After Fort Sumter battle, 4 more states seceded and 4 chose to stay Union Advantages: population, industrialization, political leadership Confederate Advantages: defensive war, military leaders, foreign aid First Battle of Bull Run showed that war would not be decided quickly Antietam was bloodiest battle and a partial Union victory Reenactment of Battle of Antietam Part 2: The Civil War Begins Section 2B: Life During the Civil War • • • • Emancipation Proclamation made the war about ending slavery Conditions for soldiers and especially POWs were bad Many blacks and women served in the war, especially for the North Both sides turned to a draft Nursing during wartime 1863 Draft and anti-black riots in New York City Part 2: The Civil War Section 2C: Fighting Continues • • • • Union blockaded South and cut off exports of cotton Monitor vs. Merrimack was first battle of ironclads Gettysburg and Vicksburg victories were turning point of the war After Chattanooga victory, Lincoln made Grant head of Union army Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Monitor vs. the Merrimack Part 2: The Civil War Section 2D: The Final Phase • Grant relentlessly pursued Lee’s forces incurring heavy losses while Sherman waged “total war” to break the South’s will to fight • Lincoln won reelection in 1864 after Atlanta was captured • Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 ending the Civil War Part 3: Reconstruction Section 3A: Presidential Reconstruction • After the war, big questions remained regarding the South • Lincoln and later Johnson supported a 10% plan for Reconstruction Part 3: Reconstruction Section 3B: Congressional Reconstruction • • • • Black Codes and the KKK were used to “redeem” the South Johnson’s vetoes led to showdown with Republicans in Congress Congress passed 14th amendment and military reconstruction acts In 1868, Johnson was impeached and almost removed from office Part 3: Reconstruction Section 3C: Republicans in Charge • 15th amendment gave blacks the vote and helped elect Grant in 1868 • Scalawags and carpetbaggers helped Reconstruction in the South • Freedmen’s Bureau educated many blacks, but most were still forced into sharecropping, along with many poorer whites Part 3: Reconstruction Section 3D: Reconstruction Ends • Time, corruption, ongoing violence, economic depression all soured many Northerners on Reconstruction • Disputed election of 1876 was settled by South trading the presidency for an end to Reconstruction • Even though Reconstruction failed, it paved way for future changes