Download APWH Chapter 22.notebook - Miami Killian Senior High School

APWH Chapter 22.notebook
November 13, 2014
Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion
• Peoples traveled, explored, traded, and settled areas across oceans before Europeans started doing it in the 15th and 16th centuries. 1) Vikings from Scandinavia settled in Iceland, Greenland, and Canada 2) Indian Ocean trading network (Chinese, Indians, Persians, Arabs, East Africans, East Indians) 3) Polynesians across the Pacific Ocean
• The Portuguese and Spanish began to expand overseas in the 15th and 16th centuries. Why?
• E They wanted to establish a direct trading relationship with India, the Indies, and China, and bypass the Muslim merchants who controlled trade with Asia and sub­Saharan Africa.
• I Humanism encouraged curiosity about the world's geography.
• R They wanted to spread the Catholic faith across Africa and Asia. Their faith was aggressive and militant because these kingdoms had been born in the long struggle against the Muslims (the Reconquest).
• T They had acquired shipbuilding and navigational skills from the Arabs. They could build oceangoing ships (caravels) and navigate in the open ocean.
• P The new monarchs had the resources and power to sponsor voyages of exploration. These states were competitive with each other, which was an incentive to explore.
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Portugal
• Portugal discovered and settled the Azores and Madeira in the late Middle Ages, and had a long maritime tradition.
• Prince Henry "the Navigator" (1394­1460) began a program to sponsor voyages of exploration around Africa and study its geography, with the idea of trading directly with sub­Saharan Africans.
• The Portuguese began a trading relationship with West Africans, selling guns and manufactured goods in exchange for gold, slaves, and ivory. They also grew sugar cane on newly discovered Atlantic islands, using African slaves. They also sent Catholic missionaries to the Africans. They succeeded in converting the king and people of Kongo. Portugal did not conquer land in Africa, it engaged in mutually beneficial trade.
• By the 1480s, the Portuguese had reached the Cape of Good Hope. Then, they entered the Indian Ocean and began to trade with the Swahili cities of East Africa.
• 1498: Vasco da Gama's fleet reached India, and established trading relationships. Later, in the early 1500s, the Portuguese reached the East Indies and captured various spice producing islands. Eventually, they reached China and Japan and established trading relationships.
• The Portuguese established a maritime, commercial empire, relying on forts, strategic islands, and trading outposts along the African and Asian coasts which served as resupply depots, warehouses, and missionary centers.
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• The Portuguese introduced the use of force into the Indian Ocean trading network, which they were able to dominate by the end of the 1500s. They had a military advantage at sea, which was that their ships had cannon. The Portuguese were able to bombard Swahili and Indian ports in trading disputes, and they defeated Ottoman Turkish fleets which had been sent to stop them from trading in the Indian Ocean. On land, however, the Portuguese had no advantages against Africans and Asians and never made any large­scale territorial conquests.
• The Portuguese base in India was Goa and their base in China was Macao. The Mughal Empire of India and the Ming Dynasty in China did not take the Portuguese seriously, as they measured power in terms of land and armies, not naval strength.
• 1500: A Portuguese ship reached Brazil. Spain and Portugal had already divided the world between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), and Brazil fell on the Portuguese side.
• The Portuguese subdued the native population and conquered Brazil. Catholic missionaries converted the natives. An economy based on mining, plantation agriculture, and African slave and coerced native labor developed, just like in the Spanish American empire.
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Spain
• Spain did not establish a systematic program of exploration like the Portuguese did, but they did settle the Canary Islands.
• Christopher Columbus (1451­1506) was a Genoese sailor who proposed a scheme to the Portuguese to sail westward across the Atlantic to reach Asia, instead of sailing around Africa. He believed the world is smaller than it actually is. The Portuguese rejected him, as they had fairly accurate geographic knowledge, so he went to Spain, where Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor his voyage.
• Columbus sailed in 1492, reaching the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola. He thought he was in the East Indies, and he named the natives Indians. Columbus made three more voyages, always insisting he had reached Asia. He founded Santo Domingo, and began the conquest of Hispaniola. The natives became extinct because of abuse, forced labor, and diseases, especially smallpox.
• Why were the Spanish able to conquer the native Americans so easily? 1) Germs. Natives had no immunity to the Europeans' diseases, and 90% of the natives died within the first century of conquest. 2) guns and cannons 3) steel swords 4) horses
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• Hernan Cortes was the conquistador of the Aztec Empire. He landed in Mexico in 1519 with a few hundred men after hearing reports of a large, wealthy civilization there. He found an Aztec woman, La Malinche, who became his interpreter and lover.
• Aztec emperor Moctezuma II was afraid of Cortes and his men, but his gifts only whetted Cortes' appetite for gold. The Spanish entered Tenochtitlan and took Moctezuma hostage, but soon the Aztec rose up, killing the emperor, and drove out the Spanish.
• The Spanish then formed an alliance with neighboring tribes who hated and feared the Aztecs. The Spanish built warships equipped with cannon for Lake Texcoco, and attacked Tenochtitlan in 1521.
• The Aztec Empire, already suffering from a smallpox epidemic, was defeated by the combined Spanish and native armies. The pyramids were torn down and replaced with Catholic churches, since this was both a military and a spiritual conquest. The natives were forced to convert and made into a labor force for the Spanish. The natives paid tribute in goods and labor to their Spanish rulers.
• A Spanish fleet under Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the world between 1519 and 1522. People finally understood the world's size as well as the location and shape of each continent and ocean. 11
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• Francisco Pizarro was the conquistador of the Inca Empire, and Cortes was his model. Smallpox had already arrived in the Andes, and was devastating the population. Even the Inca died of it, and his sons were fighting a civil war for the succession when Pizarro arrived in 1532. Atahualpa won the civil war, and was taken hostage by the Spanish when they met. The Inca paid his ransom, in rooms full of gold and silver, but Atahualpa was executed anyway.
• The Spanish and Inca then fought a war, and the Spanish conquered the Inca Empire. Once again the native temples were destroyed and replaced by churches. The Andean population was forced to pay tribute in labor and goods. • The Spanish created a large land­based empire in the Americas. In both Mexico and the Andes the surviving natives continued practicing agriculture, but the colonies' economy was based on gold and silver mining.
• The Spanish also conquered the Philippines and converted the population to Catholicism. 14
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