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Exploration, Encounters, and Imperialism Key Themes Movement of People and Goods How did global trade patterns change 1400s – 1700s? Science and Technology What types of technology allowed Western Europe to explore the oceans? Interdependence What motives did Europeans have for establishing colonies b/t 1500 and 1700? Change What major changes did the European expansion bring to peoples around the world? Eve of Exploration Reconquista and Expulsions Reasons for European Exploration Impact of Technology The Printing Press Gunpowder Naval Technology Reconquista and Expulsions Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella create a powerful Spanish kingdom 1492: Ferdinand and Isabella force the Muslims out of Spain In order to create religious unity, Isabella launches brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews who refuse to convert to Christianity Many people killed and 150,000 forced into exile Reasons for European Explorations Trade between Europe and Asia disrupted by Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean 1400s: seeking to gain Asian spices, Europeans reopen global trade links Italian and Muslim control of Mediterranean trade keeps prices high on product To gain direct access to Asian trade, Portugal and Spain look for new oceanic routes Impact of Technology The Printing Press Books enable Europeans to access new ideas and information including geography Gunpowder Arabs bring gunpowder to Europe in 1200s. Allows Europeans to advance military weapons. Portuguese equip ships w/ cannons Naval Technology Mapmakers (cartographers) create better maps Invention of magnetic compass, astrolabe and better ships The Caravel Use of multiple masts was pioneered by the Chinese Triangular lateen sail allowed the ship to sail into the wind The sails were made of different weights of cloth depending on the type of wind The deep-sea rudder posted on the stern helped stabilize the ship. Naval Technology Magnetic Compass:No matter where you stand on Earth, you can hold a compass in your hand and it will point toward the North Pole. Astrolabe:Are used to show how the sky looks at a specific place at a given time. This is done by drawing the sky on the face of the astrolabe and marking it so positions in the sky are easy to find. Early Voyages of Discovery The Motives European had long been attracted to Asia An economic motive thus looms large in European expansion Religious Zeal: A crusading spirit Access to Asia Long history of early explorers fascinated many Ottoman Empire blocks access Spices and other precious items Economic Motive Merchants, adventurers and government officials had high hopes of finding precious metals & expanding trade Spices were needed to keep foods from rotting and to add flavor to meals European wanted a larger share of wealth dominated by Muslims Religious Zeal Portugal & Spain had driven the Muslims out. Motivated to increase the faith and save souls. Spiritual and Secular Affairs Are Closely Connected Adventurers like Cortez want to convert the natives to Christianity Spirit of adventure, glory and grandeur play a major role Religion justifies and provide the moral approval of material conquest Development of Maritime Empire Portugal takes the lead in exploration on Prince Henry Portuguese begin to probe the coasts of Africa First slaves are brought back to Europe New source of gold discovered along the “Gold Coast” Diaz, the first to round the Cape of Good Hope Vasco de Gamma establishes the direct route to India and returns with great wealth Development of Maritime Empire Portuguese return every year to destroy Muslim shipping 1508: Portuguese armada defeat Turkish and Indian ships Portuguese create a land base in Goa (India) Portuguese expand their range to Malacca (Indonesia) Voyages to the New World In order to avoid the Portuguese, Spain sails westward The Spanish have larger population and more resources. They establish an empire that was far grander and different from the Portuguese Christopher Columbus is the individual who leads the way west. Christopher Columbus Persuades Spain to finance exploratory expedition in 1492 Explores coastline of Cuba and Hispaniola Sails a total of four times searching for India route Calls the islands of the Caribbean “The Indies” Exploration Race John Cabot Pedro Cabral Amerigo Vespucci European call the territories explored “The New World Opportunity for conquest and exploitation 1494: The Treaty of Tordesillas The Spanish Empire Conquistadores: Spanish conquerors Blend of glory, greed and religious zeal Firearms, weapons and determination = success Cortez gains control of Northern Mexico Pizarro gains control of Incas Disease aids conquest The Spanish Empire The Encomienda • Isabella declares Indios her subjects • This allows settlers the right to use natives as laborers • In return, settlers were to protect natives • Holders of encomiendas ignored the policy • Brutal treatment of natives for economic gain Impact of Spanish Empire Forced labor, starvation and disease takes toll on natives Haiti: 100,000 natives dwindle to 300 from 1493 to 1570 Mexico: 25 million to 3 million from 1500 to 1570 Impact of Spanish Empire Catholic Pope gives Spain control of religion in New World Spain can appoint officials, collect fees and supervise affairs Catholic monks converted and baptized hundreds of thousands of Indians Impact of European Expansion Native Civilizations destroyed Old social/political structures replaced by European system of government, religion, language and culture Increased the wealth of European nation Gold and Silver The Columbian Exchange increases Capitalism and Mercantilism European rivalry deepened and increased tension among European states • Spain and Portugal compete • Opens competition among the English, Dutch and French The Columbian Exchange