Download Chapter 13: Natural Resources

Chapter 13: Natural Resources
13.1 Natural resources support human activity
13.2 Minerals and rocks are nonrenewable resources
13.3 Resources can be conserved and recycled
13.4 Resources can be converted to useful forms
Warm-up questions…
 Renewable resources are replaced over the course of millions
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of years.
Renewable resources are replaced at about the same rate they
are used.
Nonrenewable resources include sunlight, water, and wind.
Nonrenewable resources include coal, oil, natural gas, and
uranium.
Most of the electricity in the United States comes from fossil
fuels.
true
Minerals have many uses in industry
 Mineral deposits are
sources of (examples):
 metals for cars and
airplanes
 quartz and feldspar for
glass
 fluorite and calcite for
toothpaste
 Silver compounds for
photographic film
 Mica and talc for paint
Minerals have many uses in the arts
 Gemstones
 Used in ancient Egyptian jewelry
4000 ya
 Birthstones
 Found as rough and irregularly shaped
 Must be cut and grinded then polished =
beauty & sparkle
 Need a mineral harder than the
gemstone to shape/polish
 Metals: ex - gold, silver
 Combine with copper to increase hardness
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What mineral does the aluminum for soda cans come from?
Bauxite
Where does the lead used in batteries and weights come from?
Galena
What is a mineral used to make abrasives?
quartz
Minerals form in several ways
 Form through natural process
 Form when atoms of one or more substances join together
and crystals grow
 Depend on what elements are present, and the
temperature/pressure
Mineral formation
 Water evaporates
 And leaves behind the dissolved substances – minerals
 Salt water evaporates – halite atoms form crystals  table salt
 Ex: salt, gypsum
 Hot water cools
 Hot water moves through rocks in the Earth’s crust – dissolves
minerals
 Water cools, minerals separate from water
  becomes solid again
 After cooling, may then become part of another mineral
Mineral formation
 Molten rock cools
 Magma contains all types of atoms found in minerals
 As magma cools, atoms join  minerals
 Also form as lava cools
 Ex: quartz
 Heat and pressure cause changes
 Bonds between atoms break andjoin again
 Ex: garnet (formed by replacing chlorite and quartz)
 Ex: carbon  graphite, diamond
 Organisms produce minerals
 Ex: ocean animals: oysters, clams, produce calcite and
other carbonate minerals for their shells
 Humans: produce apatite for your bones and teeth
Mineral Formation
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In this visual, how do the locations of
the examples of mineral formation
change from the top of the picture to
the bottom?
They go from the surface of Earth to
deeper and deeper within Earth.
Where does the evaporation of water
to form gypsum take place?
on Earth’s surface, along a shoreline
Where and how can gold crystallize?
underground, in cracks in rocks, as
hot water cools
What might be a source of heat for
underground water?
Magma
Where does magma cool and form
minerals first?
around the edges of the body of
magma
How does graphite form?
by the exposure of carbon to high
heat within Earth
 Which mineral resources might the
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United States need to import?
aluminum, diamond, gold
From what continents could the
United States import aluminum?
South America, Africa, Asia,
Australia
What symbol is used to identify
copper?
a circle
Many minerals are mined
 Some minerals are found near Earth’s surface
 others lie deep underground
 Most minerals are combined with other minerals in rocks
 Rocks that contain enough of a mineral to be mined for a
profit are called ores
Surface Mining
 Minerals at or near Earth’s surface are recovered by surface
mining.
 Some minerals, such as gold, are very dense
 can build up in riverbeds as less dense minerals are carried away by
the water
 Small scale: panning - a miner uses a pan to wash away unwanted
minerals that are less dense, gold remains
 Larger riverbed mining operations: miners use machines to dig out
and separate the valuable minerals.
Surface mining – strip mining
 Miners strip away plants, soil, and unwanted rocks from
Earth’s surface
 Then they use machines to dig out an ore.
Surface Mining – open-pit mining
 Also involves removing the
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surface layer of soil
Miners then use explosives to
break up the underlying rock and
recover the ore
As they dig a deep hole, or pit, to
mine the ore, they build roads up
the sides of the pit
Trucks carry the ore to the
surface.
Ex: Copper and Iron ore
Deep Mining
 when an ore lies far below Earth’s
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surface
When the ore is inside a mountain or
hill, miners can cut a level passage to
reach the mineral they want
Miners dig a vertical passage to reach
an ore that lies underground in a flat
area or under a mountain
From the main passage, miners blast,
drill, cut, or dig the ore
If the body of ore is horizontal, miners
dig farther and farther into the hill or
mountain
If it is vertical, they remove the ore in
layers