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Name
Pate
Class
^^^ggggjjj The Nature of Soil
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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. Study the diagram of a soil profile to answe
questions 1-5.
I. W h i c h soil layer contains the most humus?
2. H o w far into the soil do plant roots grow?
3. Where i n this soil profile is organic matter broken down?
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4. Where i n this soil profile is solid rock being weathered into soil?
5. What is the name o f the process by which water carries dissolved minerals from the upper
horizons down to the lower levels?
6. What factors help determine the type o f soil, such as the thickness o f the layers and their
composition?
7. Choose a factor from Question 6 and explain how it can affect the soil i n an area.
Name
Date
Class
Directions: Unscramble the terms in rtalics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
_
_ 1. gonPliw mechanically turns and loosens the soil to grow crops.
2. W h e n soil is moved from the place where it formed, the process
is called sieroon.
3. There is n o plowing and plant stalks are left i n the field i n
li-toln gimnarf.
4. In artericeng, flat-topped areas are built into the sides o f steep
hills and mountains to grow crops.
5. I n dry regions where sheep and cattle eat the grasses, reggianvorz
increases soil erosion.
6. Each year, clearing thousands o f square kilometers o f nair setrof
destroys soil i n the tropics.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
7. What can be done to reduce erosion at construction sites?
8. What effect does overgrazing have o n topsoil?
9. W h y shouldn't more land be cleared for farming and grazing as old land is worn out?
10. W h y do people need soil?
11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?
Name
Date
Class
Erosional Forces
chapter
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Directions: Using the word bank provided, complete the following statements.
creep
deposition
erosion
gravity
landslide
mass movement
mudflow
rockfalls
rock slide
slump
wins
1. The process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another is
called
.
2. The force o f attraction that pulls all objects toward Earth's center is
3. Blocks o f rock break loose and tumble through the air i n
.
.
4. A mass movement with sediments slowly shifting their positions down h i l l is called
5. A combination o f mass movements such as slump, rock slides and mudflow would be called
a(n)
.
6. W h e n agents o f erosion lose energy and drop their sediments, it is referred to as
7. Layers o f rock breaking loose and slipping downhill suddenly is a(n)
.
8. A mass of material slipping downhill along a curved surface creates a(n)
9. The general term used to describe erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a
slope is
.
10. A thick mixture o f sediment and water flowing down a slope is commonly called a(n)
11. The process o f erosion may be slowed down, but mass movement cannot be eliminated
because gravity always
.
Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.
12
13
14
.
Name
Date
^^SQU^QSj Glaciers
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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. H o w are continental glaciers and valley glaciers similar?
2. H o w are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?
Directions: Use your answers above to identify the glaciers described below. You may need to use both typ
answer a question.
3. They form t/-shaped valleys.
4. They covered much of Earth during ice ages.
5. They deposit till and outwash.
6. They weather rocks by plucking.
7. They form i n areas that have cold temperatures all year.
8. They are now located only i n the polar regions.
9. They are the k i n d of glaciers found i n Montana today.
10. They can create cirques on the side o f mountains.
Name
Date
Class
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. W i n d erosion called
hit them.
pits and polishes rocks when b l o w n sand grains
are a common form of w i n d deposit i n desert regions and near
2.
oceans and lakes.
3. M u c h o f the midwestern United States is o n fertile soil that developed from
deposits.
is sediment that is as fine as talcum powder.
4.
5. Erosion and
are part of a cycle that shapes and reshapes the land.
is w i n d erosion that can be compared to sandblasting.
6.
7. W h e n windblown sediments pile up behind obstacles,
8. Abrasion and deflation are forms of
9. Loess and dunes are
are formed.
erosion.
of wind-eroded sediments.
is w i n d erosion that picks up small particles and leaves heavier
10.
particles behind.
11. The side o f a sand dune away from the wind has a
facing the wind.
erosion is common i n deserts, beaches, and plowed fields.
12.
13. D u r i n g a
14.
slope than the side
, sand grains form a low cloud just above the ground.
blow topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, and places where
vegetation has disappeared.
15. People i n many countries plant trees to act as
16. Along many seacoasts and deserts,
17. Plants with fibrous
erosion.
to reduce w i n d erosion.
is planted to reduce erosion.
systems, such as grasses, work best at stopping w i n d
18. One common dune shape is a crescent-shaped dune known as a
.
Name
Data
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Class
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Water Erosion and
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Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
alluvial fan
bed load
delta
drainage basin
flood plain
gully erosion
meander
rill erosion
sheet erosion
silt
stream erosion
suspended load
1. light weight sediments that are picked up and moved
2. erosion caused by a thin, broad layer of water
3. area o f land from which streams or rivers collect runoff
4. broad, flat valley floor formed by meandering stream dropping fertile
sediment
5. flat, triangular land extending into the ocean, formed from dropped
sediment
6. process by which stream channel becomes deeper and wider
7. small groove that continues to enlarge, forming a channel
8. larger, heavy particles that roll along the bottom o f a stream
9. very fine sediment
10. sediment deposits onto valley floor at the base o f a mountain stream
11. created by rill channel becoming broader and deeper
12. broad, curved arc i n the path o f a stream
Directions: Complete the study chart below on the life and characteristics of a stream. (Hint: Refer to Figure 8 in
the text book for additional help.)
Type of
Stream
13.
14.
Mature
Speed and
Location
Physical
Characteristics
swiftly runs through
steep valleys
waterfalls, rapids
Location of
Erosion
smooth flowing in
valley
15.
flat floodplain,
erodes sides and
oxbow lakes
V
1
1
1
bottom only slightly
1
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Name
Date
Class
^Q^ggggH Groundwater
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Directions: Study the following diagrams. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list below
artesian well
aquifer
stalactite
stalagmite
water table
zone of saturation
4.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
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Name
Date
^^EBEEHESBI
Class
Ocean Shoreline
chapter
Directions: For each item, write every other letter, beginning with the first letter, on line a. Next, beginning
with the second letter, write every other letter on line b. Add spaces between words in a and b. Then on line c,
write an explanation of the relationship between the terms in lines a and b.
1. N B O A T R O R N I A E M R A I I S N L L A A N N D D S
a.
;
b.
c.
2. P L A O R N A G L S L H E O L R S E T C H U E R S R H E O N R T E
a.
b.
,
c.
3. S B E E D A I C M H E E N S T
a.
b.
,
c.
4. T S I U D R E F S A C C U
a.
b.
c.
ERWRAEVNETSS
Name
Date
fe'f^MEffi^HH
Class
Weathering
chapter
Directions: Using the terms provided, complete the weathering comparison chart below.
animals
chemical reactions
chemical weathering
ice wedging
mechanical weathering
natural add
oxidation
physical processes
plant add
plant
Weathering,^
(1)
2 Types of Weathering
(3)
: rocks
are broken apart; new rocks
are similar to original rocks
(5)
(4)
dissolves or changes
minerals; new rocks
ferent from original
Definition
:
(6)
:
the
are difrocks
:
water freezes i n rock cracks
carbonic acid dissolves rock,
creating caves
(7)
(8)
:
roots force into cracks, then
grow and break rock
(9)
I
(2)
oxygen and water react with
minerals to break down into
rust
Ways Weathering Occurs
:
digging, scratching at rocks,
causing rocks to move
:
(10)
1
1
from decaying plants weakens rocks
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Directions: Number the following events about ice wedging in the order they happen. The first step in the
sequence has been numbered for you.
11. Ice Wedging
water freezes and expands
ice melts, allowing more water to enter crack
pressure builds and extends the crack
1
water enters crack i n rock
crack extends and breaks apart the rock